{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:58:34Z","timestamp":1777550314663,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62401075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62401075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62394322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62394322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A20373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A20373"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005089","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4244084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4244084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005089","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024M750259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024M750259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KJZD20230923115004008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KJZD20230923115004008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Internet Things J."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2025.3592453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T17:57:52Z","timestamp":1753466272000},"page":"40894-40905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automatic Toxicity Evaluation for Human-LLM Conversations in Flexible Manufacturing System With Duplex Fine-Tuned LLMs"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1267-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3555-7677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2388-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1427-8682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9597-2659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shujie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5066-3801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonghui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4234-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuning","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beike Technology Company Ltd., Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser D.","family":"Al-Otaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2601-9327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Kashif","family":"Bashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1467-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changqiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"GPT-4 technical report","volume-title":"arXiv:2303.08774","author":"Achiam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Universal and transferable adversarial attacks on aligned language models","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.15043"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.84"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Qwen1.5-14b","author":"Cloud","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Unifying bias and unfairness in information retrieval: A survey of challenges and opportunities with large language models","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.11457"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.12948"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.88"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.656"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"7596","article-title":"Gendered grammar or ingrained bias? Exploring gender bias in icelandic language models","volume-title":"Proc. LREC-COLING","author":"Fririksd\u00f3ttir"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00524"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"ChatGLM: A family of large language models from GLM-130b TO GLM-4 all tools","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.12793"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.234"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Llama guard: LLM-based input-output safeguard for human-AI conversations","author":"Inan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.06674"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Baichuan2-13b","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Jigsaw and Google","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.235"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"A survey on fairness in large language models","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.10149"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.311"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3670241"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Social bias probing: Fairness benchmarking for language models","author":"Manerba","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2311.09090"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"Azure content safety API","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Gpt-3.5-turbo","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"OpenAI content moderation API","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i26.34975"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Do anything now\u2019: Characterizing and evaluating in-the-wild jailbreak prompts on large language models","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.03825"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"LLaMA: Open and efficient foundation language models","author":"Touvron","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2302.13971"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3570202"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Do-not-answer: A dataset for evaluating safeguards in LLMs","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.13387"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Disrupting vision-language model-driven navigation services via adversarial object fusion","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.23266"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshp64532.2024.11100549"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3559120"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-4245-8_26"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"SafetyBench: Evaluating the safety of large language models with multiple choice questions","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.07045"}],"container-title":["IEEE Internet of Things Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6488907\/11177626\/11096054.pdf?arnumber=11096054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T14:39:23Z","timestamp":1759243163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11096054\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jiot.2025.3592453","relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-4662","2372-2541"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4662","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2541","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}