{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:44:17Z","timestamp":1788018257383,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union European Research Council","award":["\u201cneuroP\u201d (257219)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cneuroP\u201d (257219)"]}]},{"name":"EU Future and Emerging Technologies","award":["\u201cSI-CODE\u201d (284553)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cSI-CODE\u201d (284553)"]}]},{"name":"EU Future and Emerging Technologies","award":["\u201cRAMP\u201d (612058)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cRAMP\u201d (612058)"]}]},{"name":"Swiss National Foundation Stochastic Event Inference Processor","award":["200021_135066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_135066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2015.2444094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T14:55:06Z","timestamp":1436972106000},"page":"1379-1397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":967,"title":["Memory and Information Processing in Neuromorphic Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Indiveri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Chii","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2009.06.028"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00052"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVD.1997.568087"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.155"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2010.5536970"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2011.5981834"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3109\/0954898X.2012.730170","article-title":"Simulating spiking neural networks on GPU","volume":"23","author":"brette","year":"2012","journal-title":"Network Comput Neural Syst"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2011.169"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.209"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1465482.1465560"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.03.007"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00178"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2479256","article-title":"A neuromorphic event-based neural recording system for smart brain-machine-interfaces","author":"corradi","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00051","article-title":"Plasticity in memristive devices","volume":"9","author":"saighi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2304638"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254642"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2012.2227969"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00011"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-008-9003-6"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.02.001"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2313565"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/14819","article-title":"Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex","volume":"2","author":"riesenhuber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature Neurosci"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2011.00019"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10827-007-0038-6"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/513027a"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1848"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4749411"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/11\/113044"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1021\/nl201040y","article-title":"Nanoelectronic programmable synapses based on phase change materials for brain-inspired computing","volume":"12","author":"kuzum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2224256"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2014.6865325"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3823"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3415"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2010.2078851"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/81.788808"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Memory access optimized scheduling scheme for DCNNs on a mobile processor","author":"dundar","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE High Perform Extreme Comput Conf"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2011.5981829"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2010.2085952"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2230553"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2007.914337"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2342715"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2015.0404"},{"key":"ref167","year":"0","journal-title":"Telluride Neuromorphic Cognition Engineering Workshop"},{"key":"ref166","year":"0","journal-title":"The Capo Caccia Workshops Toward Cognitive Neuromorphic Engineering"},{"key":"ref165","author":"moradi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Networks and hierarchical routing fabrics with heterogeneous memory structures for scalable event-driven computing systems"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.12.008"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq290"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.11.017"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1734518"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2008.03-08-734"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2313954"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00118"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359576.359579"},{"key":"ref5","author":"liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Event-Based Neuromorphic Systems"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2010.001.0001","author":"churchland","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Computational Brain"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2310593"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003311"},{"key":"ref49","author":"marr","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vision A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14441"},{"key":"ref158","author":"allman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evolving Brains"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1639-8","author":"mead","year":"1989","journal-title":"Analog VLSI and Neural Systems"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.231"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.003"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2012.09.016"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1962.sp006837"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSCAS.2012.6292202"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2167409"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.106"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2013.2294916"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2012.2184285"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.08-07-599"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2008.2005781"},{"key":"ref124","first-page":"1401","article-title":"Learning in silicon: Timing is everything","volume":"20","author":"arthur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1400-04.2004"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"764","article-title":"A contrast sensitive silicon retina with reciprocal synapses","volume":"4","author":"boahen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2008.05.016"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33269-2_16"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS.2012.6418412"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/82.842110"},{"key":"ref76","year":"0","journal-title":"Brain-inspired Multiscale Computation in Neuromorphic Hybrid Systems (BrainScaleS)"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2014.6865574"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2007.378289"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"2213","article-title":"A brain-machine interface operating with a real-time spiking neural network control algorithm","volume":"24","author":"dethier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2014.6913773"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2007.893509"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00141","article-title":"A re-configurable on-line learning spiking neuromorphic processor comprising 256 neurons and 128k synapses","volume":"9","author":"qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"2640","article-title":"Improved margin multiclass classification using dendritic neurons with morphological learning","author":"hussain","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Circuits Syst"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.051508.135516"},{"key":"ref132","article-title":"A PCI based high-fanout AER mapper with 2 GiB RAM look-up table, 0.8 $\\mu$s latency and 66 MHz output event-rate","author":"fasnacht","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Conf Inf Sci Syst"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.8.2554"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2009.5118408"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.11.2881"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00686.2005"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.11.002.2010"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2012.2195725"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.10.008"},{"key":"ref62","author":"lecun","year":"2012","journal-title":"The MNIST Database of Handwritten Digits"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.7.1527"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2133382.2133388"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2013.05.011"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2007.19.10.2581"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00014"},{"key":"ref141","first-page":"1647","article-title":"32-bit configurable bias current generator with sub-offcurrent capability","author":"delbruck","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Circuits Syst"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2006.11.029"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212083110"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2014.6742953"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/38\/384010"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2724-4"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2011.2147791"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.18.030195.001351"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5704.003.0011","article-title":"A pulse-coded communications infrastructure for neuromorphic systems","author":"deiss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pulsed Neural Networks"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2748"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58356"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"443","article-title":"A competitive network of spiking VLSI neurons","author":"indiveri","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc World Congr Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105933108"},{"key":"ref108","first-page":"101","article-title":"Dynamical systems approaches to cognition","author":"sch\u00f6ner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cambridge Handbook of Computational Cognitive Modeling"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/81453"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"Dynamic neural fields as a step toward cognitive neuromorphic architectures","volume":"7","author":"sandamirskaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.213"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144152"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00002"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976600300014827"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2314454"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.04.024"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2012.00002"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7638624"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"1228","volume":"part iii articles","author":"yuille","year":"2003","journal-title":"Winner-Take-All Networks"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2009.07-08-829"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2003.816367"},{"key":"ref110","author":"chicca","year":"2006","journal-title":"A neuromorphic VLSI system for modeling spike-based cooperative competitive neural networks"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00542-6"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003037"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-002-0356-8"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109359109"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008234622348"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016908"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1250.001.0001","author":"liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Analog VLSI Circuits and Principles"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0505-56"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2006.1628504"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl904092h"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3054"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl203687n"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCTD.2011.6043316"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201203680"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00255-1"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2013.2263000"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.070039597"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2012.2211035"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b00697"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1301"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004220170004"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2011.00149"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2010.00129"},{"key":"ref80","author":"amit","year":"1992","journal-title":"Modeling brain function The world of attractor neural networks"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976603762552942"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Neuromorphic bistable VLSI synapses with spike-timing-dependent plasticity","volume":"15","author":"indiveri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS)"},{"key":"ref89","author":"hebb","year":"1949","journal-title":"The Organization of Behavior"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2004.832842"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2004.1329587"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2005.860850"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1327"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.092501.114547"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-03-01129.2000","article-title":"Decoding temporal information: A model based on short-term synaptic plasticity","volume":"20","author":"buonomano","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5297.221"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/7158995\/07159144.pdf?arnumber=7159144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T20:29:30Z","timestamp":1717964970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7159144\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2015.2444094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}}}