{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:33:28Z","timestamp":1781886808955,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":241,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"C-SPIN"},{"name":"StarNET"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000028","name":"Semiconductor Research Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSSEFF"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002418","name":"Intel Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005144","name":"Qualcomm","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005144","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2016.2521712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,7]],"date-time":"2016-04-07T15:36:19Z","timestamp":1460043379000},"page":"1449-1488","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Spin-Transfer Torque Memories: Devices, Circuits, and Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Xuanyao","family":"Fong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rangharajan","family":"Venkatesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sri Harsha","family":"Choday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Raghunathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaushik","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/5\/S10"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2663351"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2012.2194790"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2012.6176595"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333660.2333664"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DATE.2012.6176594"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2011.2124453"},{"key":"ref178","year":"0","journal-title":"Mosis scalable cmos (scmos) design rules"},{"key":"ref177","author":"mead","year":"1980","journal-title":"Introduction to VLSI Systems"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2193434"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2422879"},{"key":"ref39","year":"2014","journal-title":"ITRS Roadmap"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2014.6872344"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2804"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2007.909751"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2003.818145"},{"key":"ref30","year":"2006","journal-title":"OOMMF"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2224256"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMW.2011.5873205"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"24.1.1","article-title":"Extended scalability of perpendicular STT-MRAM towards sub-20 nm MTJ node","author":"jeong","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Electron Devices Meet"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2008.4796680"},{"key":"ref181","first-page":"225","article-title":"Architecture of three-dimensional circuit using nanoscale memory devices","author":"abe","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eur Micro Nano Syst"},{"key":"ref180","first-page":"216","article-title":"A 250-MHz 1-Mbit embedded MRAM macro using 2T1MTJ cell with bitline separation and half-pitch shift architecture","author":"sakimura","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conf (A-SSCC)"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2013.6724690"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1687399.1687489"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.48.043001"},{"key":"ref182","first-page":"46","article-title":"1Mb 4T-2MTJ nonvolatile STT-RAM for embedded memories using 32b fine-grained power gating technique with 1.0 ns\/200 ps wake-up\/power-off times","author":"ohsawa","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp VLSI Circuits"},{"key":"ref189","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving STT-MRAM density through multibit error correction","author":"bel","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Exhib Design Autom Test"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1629911.1629936"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2014.2300836"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2412960"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.62.570"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3694270"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333660.2333665"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.70.172405"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2009.2016657"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2004.840847"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCD.2013.6657095"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1l","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(96)00062-5","article-title":"Current-driven excitation of magnetic multilayers","volume":"159","author":"slonczewski","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Magn Magn Mater"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"33","article-title":"Spin-transfer torque MRAM (STT-MRAM): Challenges and prospects","volume":"18","author":"huai","year":"2008","journal-title":"AAPPS Bull"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1707228"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.54.9353"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2009.5424242"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISLPED.2011.5993623"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2427251"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2014.6865598"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.7.083001"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2012.2202100"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2013.2279137"},{"key":"ref152","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility study of emerging non-volatile memory based physical unclonable functions","author":"zhang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Memory Workshop"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2015.2439733"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1154587","article-title":"Current-controlled magnetic domain-wall nanowire shift register","volume":"320","author":"hayashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NanoArch.2013.6623035"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2014.2377721","article-title":"Multilevel spin-orbit torque MRAMs","volume":"62","author":"kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISLPED.2013.6629268"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIT.2010.5556123"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"1","article-title":"45 nm low power CMOS logic compatible embedded STT MRAM utilizing a reverse-connection 1T\/1MTJ cell","author":"lin","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Electron Devices Meet"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2009.5424382"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2011.6131471"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/19\/16\/165218"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1462872"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Spin-transfer torque switching above ambient temperature","volume":"3","author":"amiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Magn Lett"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2012.2209122"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.84.064413"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2013.6633792"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2011.5994447"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2008.2003029"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISLPED.2011.5993654"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"462","article-title":"A 90 nm 12 ns 32 Mb 2T1MTJ MRAM","author":"nebashi","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf Tech Dig Papers"},{"key":"ref162","first-page":"36","article-title":"Various techniques used in connection with random digit","author":"von neumann","year":"1951","journal-title":"Nat Bur Stand - Appl Math Series"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-71039-4_21"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74619-5_9"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.61.2472"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(75)90174-7"},{"key":"ref6","year":"0","journal-title":"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.39.4828"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(91)90417-9"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2014.6872318"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.66.2152"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4813488"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INTMAG.2015.7157258"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.111253"},{"key":"ref158","first-page":"12.5.1","article-title":"A magnetic tunnel junction based true random number generator with conditional perturb and real-time output probability tracking","author":"choi","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Int Electron Devices Meet (IEDM) Tech Dig"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3637545"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.057206"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-8853(01)00032-4"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.130.1677"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/APEX.4.093001"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.88.104426"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/19\/16\/165209"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2039997"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3567780"},{"key":"ref72","volume":"4","author":"razavi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2010.2082487"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.44.L587"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2011.2163147"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.507"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2138363","article-title":"Spin transfer switching and spin polarization in magnetic tunnel junctions with MgO and AlO[sub x] barriers","volume":"87","author":"huai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2837485"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2013.2251326"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2013.6724550"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMW.2010.5488325"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2009.2027907"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3556681"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2011.2169456"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2013.2239671"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2014.2357054"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RELPHY.2005.1493078"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RELPHY.2008.4558997"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRPS.2009.5173239"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRPS.2012.6241773"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2483028.2483052"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333660.2333738"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333660.2333717"},{"key":"ref193","first-page":"737","article-title":"Power and performance of read-write aware Hybrid Caches with non-volatile memories","author":"wu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Exhib Design Autom Test"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2011.6105304"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISLPED.2011.5993611"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333660.2333708"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3540361"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4737010"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228447"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3083546"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1880037.1880040"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1739271"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1555815.1555761"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SISPAD.2011.6035047"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2012.2210226"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2463585.2463590"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2011.5994466"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2011.2166282"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2008.2005187"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.84.3149"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(94)00906-6"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4775684"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3615961"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.53.04EM02"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.75.064402"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.88.117601"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4736727"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"57","article-title":"Enhancement of data retention and write current scaling for sub-20 nm STT-MRAM by utilizing dual interfaces for perpendicular magnetic anisotropy","author":"park","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Symp VLSI Technol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2010.5703416"},{"key":"ref200","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards energy efficient hybrid on-chip scratch pad memory with non-volatile memory","author":"hu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Design Autom Test Eur"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2013.6724553"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"230","article-title":"Low-current perpendicular domain wall motion cell for scalable high-speed MRAM","author":"fukami","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Symp VLSI Technol"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2013.179"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2014.6742958"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2009.4798259"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2012.2202700"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISLPED.2011.5993609"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1687399.1687448"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1840845.1840931"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2627369.2627611"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2014.6835933"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISLPED.2013.6629298"},{"key":"ref210","first-page":"216","article-title":"Energy-efficient spin-transfer torque RAM cache exploiting additional all-zero-data flags","author":"jung","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Qual Electron Design"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2014.6742868"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228406"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2011.5749716"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2014.2360527"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534393"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2013.2267754"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2155620.2155659"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2013.2256945"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333660.2333705"},{"key":"ref222","first-page":"214","article-title":"CoFeB\/MgO based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with stepped structure for symmetrizing different retention times of &#x2018;0&#x2019; and &#x2018;1&#x2019; information","author":"miura","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp VLSI Technol"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2633046"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NANOARCH.2011.5941493"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2481793"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2014.2361767"},{"key":"ref226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2015.1117"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/47\/40\/405003"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.52.05EB03"},{"key":"ref223","first-page":"19.1.1","article-title":"Co\/Ni based p-MTJ stack for sub-20 nm high density stand alone and high performance embedded memory application","author":"kar","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Electron Devices Meet"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507474112"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4895735"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.096602"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2013.2279153"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4818723"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4803665"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.87.020402"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02757"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2004.830435"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3675"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3171"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2678373.2665710"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2463209.2488799"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333660.2333707"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2013.365"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7873\/DATE.2015.0838"},{"key":"ref238","article-title":"Cache design with domain wall memories","author":"venkatesan","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Comput"},{"key":"ref235","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploration of GPGPU register file architecture using domain-wall-shift-write based racetrack memory","author":"mao","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 51st Annu Design Autom Conf (DAC)"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2627369.2627651"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2014.2306958"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2627369.2627643"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2386"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3624900"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4884419"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4873128"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3049617"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIT.2010.5556126"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3632075"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2012.6257003"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1145799","article-title":"Magnetic domain-wall racetrack memory","volume":"320","author":"parkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","author":"rabaey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Digital Integrated Circuits A Design Perspective"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.102.147204"},{"key":"ref1","volume":"2011","author":"patterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer Organization and Design Revised Fourth Edition The Hardware\/Software Interface"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.057203"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2015.2413852"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.31"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.147201"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.48.7099"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/5\/S13"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1095"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"Non-volatile complementary polarizer spin-transfer torque (CPSTT) on-chip caches: A device\/circuit\/systems perspective","volume":"50","author":"fong","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Magn"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IMW.2013.6582105"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2012.2234079"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2012.2220458"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218197"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10309"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DRC.2012.6256957"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(94)01648-8"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.63.054416"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420024579.ch5"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1256"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1257"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2976435"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1534619"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.89.104421"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.72.174428"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.1834"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.217202"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53114-8.00002-9"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/APEX.7.033005"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1098(90)90963-C"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2613"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(71)90196-4"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1362"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0336"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.126603"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4753947"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.98.156601"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/7493709\/07448833.pdf?arnumber=7448833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T11:40:14Z","timestamp":1641987614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7448833\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":241,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2016.2521712","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}}}