{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:20:11Z","timestamp":1790752811521,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2018.2795846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,27]],"date-time":"2018-02-27T19:33:27Z","timestamp":1519760007000},"page":"496-503","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Who invented the earliest capacitor bank (\u201cbattery\u201d of leyden jars)? it\u2019s complicated [scanning our past]"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1550-5779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Allerhand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref33","author":"smith","year":"1792","journal-title":"Eulogium on Benjamin Franklin LL D President of the American Philosophical Society &c &c"},{"key":"ref32","author":"clark","year":"1983","journal-title":"Benjamin Franklin—A Biography"},{"key":"ref31","author":"franklin","year":"1817","journal-title":"The Life of Benjamin Franklin Written Chiefly by Himself"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"519","year":"0","journal-title":"Ref 8"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"194","author":"van marum","year":"1795","journal-title":"Tweede Vervolg der Proefneemingen Gedaan Met Tyler’s Electrizeer-Machine"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087400011249"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1976.10314","article-title":"franklin as electrician","volume":"64","author":"finn","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"21","article-title":"Further experiments and observations in electricity","author":"franklin","year":"1774","journal-title":"Experiments and Observations on Electricity Made at Philadelphia in America"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican03221873-177"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"19","author":"hoppe","year":"1884","journal-title":"Geschichte der Elektrizit&#x00E4 t"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"31","author":"albrecht","year":"1885","journal-title":"Geschichte der Elektricität—Mit Berücksichtigung Ihrer Anwendungen"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.19628"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"222","author":"wolf","year":"1939","journal-title":"A History of Science Technology and Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"94","author":"hackman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Electricity From Glass—The History of the Frictional Electrical Machine 1600–1850"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"317","author":"heilbron","year":"1979","journal-title":"Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries—A Study of Early Modern Physics"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"28","author":"schlesinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Battery—How Portable Power Sparked a Technological Revolution"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evolution of batteries: From experiments to everyday usage","author":"k?epelkov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 21st Int Student Conf Elect Eng"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"20","year":"0","journal-title":"RE'11"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"192","article-title":"Der Bürgermeister daniel gralath, der stifter der naturforschenden gesellschaft in danzig","volume":"6","author":"schumann","year":"1887","journal-title":"Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Danzig"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Schreiben das herr von kleist, decanus des domcapituls in camin [dean of the cathedral chapter in kammin] an herr swietlicki von 20 Nov, 1745","volume":"3","year":"1745","journal-title":"Acta Soc Phys Experim (Gda?sk)"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"83","author":"north","year":"2008","journal-title":"Material Delight and the Joy of Living Cultural Consumption in the Age of Enlightenment in Germany"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"355","article-title":"Geschichte der electricität—Zweite anschnitt","volume":"2","author":"gralath","year":"0","journal-title":"Versuche Abhandlungen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Danzig"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"141","article-title":"The translation from the Latin is a modification by the author of the one in Kevin Desmond","year":"2016","journal-title":"Innovators in Battery Technology"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"315","article-title":"Bürgermeister daniel gralath (1708-1767) als begründer der naturforschenden gesellschaft zu danzig","volume":"28","author":"strehlau","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch Sippenforschung Alle Verwandten Gebiete"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"4","article-title":"Letter from Pieter van Musschenbroek to René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, dated January 20, 1746","volume":"65","year":"1746","journal-title":"Procés Verbaux—Academie Royale des Sciences (Paris)"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"506","article-title":"Nachricht von einigen electrischen versuchen","volume":"1","author":"gralath","year":"1747","journal-title":"Versuche Abhandlungen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Danzig"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"86","author":"priestley","year":"1769","journal-title":"The History and Present State of Electricity"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"275","article-title":"The invention of the Leyden Jar","volume":"46","author":"dorsman","year":"1957","journal-title":"Janus"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"677","volume":"7","year":"1810","journal-title":"Encyclopaedia Britannica"},{"key":"ref1","author":"feldhaus","year":"1903","journal-title":"Die Erfindung der Elektrischen Verstärkungsflasche durch Ewald Jürgen von Kleist"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"49","author":"schiffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Draw the Lightning Down—Benjamin Franklin and Electrical Technology in the Age of Enlightenment"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1746.0041"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"136","author":"isaacson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Benjamin Franklin—An American Life"},{"key":"ref24","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref23","author":"winkler","year":"1746","journal-title":"Die Stärke der Electrischen Kraft des Wassers in gläsernen Gefäßen Welche Durch den Musschenbrökischen Versuch Bekannt Geworden"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AIEE.1884.5570292"},{"key":"ref25","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/8303007\/08303875.pdf?arnumber=8303875","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T16:13:25Z","timestamp":1642004005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8303875\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2018.2795846","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}}}