{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T22:50:17Z","timestamp":1762642217342,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61532016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61532016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CAS Pioneer Hundred Talents Program","award":["Y704061000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y704061000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2019.2925526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,22]],"date-time":"2019-07-22T23:14:58Z","timestamp":1563837298000},"page":"1563-1583","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ecosystem of Things: Hardware, Software, and Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2533-5451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Chao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2706-6379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007787.3001177"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"260t","article-title":"A 462 GOPs\/J RRAM-based nonvolatile intelligent processor for energy harvesting IoE system featuring nonvolatile logics and processing-in-memory","author":"su","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Symp VLSI Technol"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"320c","article-title":"Fully integrated DC-DC converter and a 0.4 V 32-bit CPU with timing-error prevention supplied from a prototype 1.55 V Li-ion battery","author":"turnquist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Symp VLSI Circuits"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2018.2821167"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2009.2034764"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/VLSIC.2017.8008529"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2016.2547778"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"A \n$10.5~\\mu\\text{A}$\n\/MHz at 16 MHz single-cycle non-volatile memory access microcontroller with full state retention at 108 nA in a 90 nm process","author":"singhal","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"86t","article-title":"Sub-\n$\\mu\\text{W}$\n standby power, \n$ < 18~\\mu\\text{W}$\n\/DMIPS@25 MHz MCU with embedded atom-switch programmable logic and ROM","author":"tsuji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Symp VLSI Circuits"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"46","article-title":"A cm-scale self-powered intelligent and secure IoT edge mote featuring an ultra-low-power SoC in 14 nm tri-gate CMOS","author":"karnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"journal-title":"Model S |Tesla","year":"2018","key":"ref28"},{"journal-title":"Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+&#x2014;Raspberry Pi","year":"2018","key":"ref27"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"An 80 nW retention 11.7 pJ\/cycle active subthreshold ARM Cortex-M0+ subsystem in 65 nm CMOS for WSN applications","author":"myers","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7060516"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITNG.2009.242"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"191","article-title":"A 0.04 MM316 NW wireless and batteryless sensor system with integrated Cortex-M0+ processor and optical communication for cellular temperature measurement","author":"wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Symp VLSI Circuits"},{"journal-title":"Arduino","year":"2018","key":"ref24"},{"journal-title":"Amazon FreeRTOS IoT Operating System for Microcontrollers","year":"0","key":"ref23"},{"journal-title":"MQTT Version 3 1 1","year":"0","key":"ref101"},{"journal-title":"Espressif systems - wi-fi and bluetooth chipsets and solutions","year":"2018","key":"ref26"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FiCloud.2014.14"},{"journal-title":"Espduino-32&#x2014;All for Raspberry Pi Arduino Lattepanda Orange Pi Pine64 |by geekworm","year":"2018","key":"ref25"},{"journal-title":"MIPS Open","year":"2018","key":"ref50"},{"article-title":"The rocket chip generator","year":"2016","author":"asanovic","key":"ref51"},{"journal-title":"What is AWS IoT Things Graph?","year":"0","key":"ref154"},{"journal-title":"ThingWorx Industrial IoT Platform |Developer Portal ThingWorx","year":"0","key":"ref153"},{"journal-title":"Mi Global Home","year":"0","key":"ref156"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639269.2014.964593"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3154847.3154853"},{"journal-title":"Alexa Skills Kit&#x2014;Build for Voice With Amazon","year":"0","key":"ref152"},{"journal-title":"Azure IoT Central","year":"0","key":"ref151"},{"key":"ref146","first-page":"1","article-title":"Status of serverless computing and function-as-a-service (FaaS) in industry and research","volume":"abs 1708 8028","author":"fox","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"journal-title":"AWS Iot Greengrass","year":"0","key":"ref147"},{"journal-title":"Amazon DynamoDB","year":"0","key":"ref148"},{"key":"ref149","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serverless computing: One step forward, two steps back","volume":"abs 1812 3651","author":"hellerstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2011.060710.00094"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2018.022071133"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2014.50"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2228360.2228584"},{"journal-title":"NVIDIA Deep Learning Accelerator","year":"2017","key":"ref55"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultra low power deep-learning-powered autonomous nano drones","volume":"abs 1805 1831","author":"palossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2654506"},{"journal-title":"RISCY is an in-Order 4-Stage RISC-V RV32IMFCXpulp CPU","year":"2018","key":"ref52"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2017.7870350"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"The trillion-device world: ARM CEO simon segars says the coming 5th wave of computing is far more than a mere Internet of Things","volume":"56","author":"perry","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr"},{"journal-title":"The Internet of Things 2018 Report How the IoT is Evolving to Reach the Mainstream With Businesses and Consumers","year":"0","author":"newman","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2322176.2322181"},{"journal-title":"Cisco global cloud index Forecast and methodology 2016&#x2013;2021","year":"2018","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1107458.1107462"},{"journal-title":"RISC-V Foundation","year":"2018","key":"ref49"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5861-5_5"},{"journal-title":"Scalable Parallel Computing Technology Architecture Programming","year":"1998","author":"hwang","key":"ref157"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-014-1420-2"},{"journal-title":"Joint University Microelectronics Program (JUMP) A Darpa Perspective","year":"2017","author":"salmon","key":"ref46"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1830000"},{"journal-title":"Banana Pi BPI Products Open-Source Development Boards","year":"2017","key":"ref48"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/FITEE.1800466"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"238","article-title":"A 2.9 TOPS\/W deep convolutional neural network SoC in FD-SOI 28 nm for intelligent embedded systems","author":"desoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2018.8310262"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2541940.2541967"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3282307"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684432.2684439"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRONSHOW.2016.7842886"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.09.006"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WoWMoM.2012.6263737"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/21.97458","article-title":"A survey of decision tree classifier methodology","volume":"21","author":"landgrebe","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3152141.3152391"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.181"},{"journal-title":"JerryScript A JavaScript Engine for Internet of Things","year":"0","key":"ref71"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.05.059"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812803"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2017.226"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2015.17"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"265","article-title":"TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning","volume":"16","author":"abadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc OSDI"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"1331","article-title":"ProtoNN: Compressed and accurate kNN for resource-scarce devices","author":"gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn (ICML)"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"1935","article-title":"Resource-efficient machine learning in 2 KB RAM for the Internet of Things","author":"kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn (ICML)"},{"journal-title":"Welcome to the Open Geospatial Consortium |OGC","year":"0","key":"ref133"},{"article-title":"OGC sensorthings API part 1: Sensing","year":"2016","author":"liang","key":"ref134"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2014.6845045"},{"journal-title":"TensorFlow Lite","year":"0","key":"ref78"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2017.86"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"578","article-title":"TVM: An automated end-to-end optimizing compiler for deep learning","author":"chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc of USENIX Symp on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI)"},{"journal-title":"AWS IoT Core Overview","year":"0","key":"ref136"},{"article-title":"OGC SensorThings API Part 2&#x2014;Tasking core","year":"2019","author":"liang","key":"ref135"},{"journal-title":"Kaa Enterprise IoT Platform","year":"0","key":"ref138"},{"journal-title":"Azure IoT Hub","year":"0","key":"ref137"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201802906"},{"journal-title":"Device Shadow Service for AWS IoT","year":"0","key":"ref139"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2011.5746337"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1806640115"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2009.82"},{"article-title":"OpenStack++ for cloudlet deployment","year":"2015","author":"ha","key":"ref64"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2017.36"},{"journal-title":"Over-the-Air Programming","year":"0","key":"ref65"},{"journal-title":"AWS Lambda","year":"0","key":"ref141"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEC.2016.39"},{"journal-title":"Azure Functions - Serverless Architecture","year":"0","key":"ref142"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEC.2016.22"},{"journal-title":"Google Cloud Functions-Event-Driven Serverless Compute Platform","year":"0","key":"ref143"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/35.968820"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897073.2897713"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2312291"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEC.2018.00050"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"80","article-title":"Serverless computation with openlambda","volume":"60","author":"hendrickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Elasticity"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2016.2579198"},{"journal-title":"Alljoyn","year":"0","key":"ref109"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEC.2018.00010"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EUC.2011.59"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2993422.2993577"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2014.2347992"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869983.1870003"},{"journal-title":"Understand the Azure IoT SDKs |Microsoft Docs","year":"0","key":"ref106"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"337","article-title":"An operating system for the home","author":"dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Symp Netw Syst Design Implem (NSDI)"},{"journal-title":"AWS IoT SDKs&#x2014;AWS IoT&#x2014;AWS Documentation","year":"0","key":"ref105"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702451"},{"journal-title":"WiFi Module Xiaomi IOT&#x2014;The AI Technology Future","year":"0","key":"ref104"},{"journal-title":"Jquery","year":"0","key":"ref90"},{"journal-title":"XMPP","year":"0","key":"ref103"},{"journal-title":"WebSocket","year":"0","key":"ref102"},{"journal-title":"Data distribution service specification version 1 4","year":"0","key":"ref111"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2371316.2371379"},{"journal-title":"The Thread Group","year":"0","key":"ref110"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIOT.2016.7872918"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcij.2017.02.001"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00131"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"1756","article-title":"EdgeOS_h: A home operating system for Internet of everything","author":"jie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc IEEE ICDCS"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"A cloud-based content gathering network","author":"bhattacherjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc of 2nd USENIX Workshop on Hot Topics in Cloud Computing (HotCloud)"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"10","article-title":"The \n$\\phi$\n-stack for smart Web of things","author":"xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Smart Internet of Things"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2755376"},{"journal-title":"Artificial intelligence The revolution hasn't happened yet","year":"0","author":"jordan","key":"ref13"},{"journal-title":"One Small Step for the Web $\\ldots $","year":"0","author":"berners-lee","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875912"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2014.060260"},{"journal-title":"A darpa perspective on artificial intelligence","year":"0","author":"launchbury","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2012.29"},{"journal-title":"SOLIDUS","year":"0","key":"ref117"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/itit-2014-1085"},{"journal-title":"6LoWPAN The Wireless Embedded Internet","year":"2010","author":"shelby","key":"ref81"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2018.2812177"},{"journal-title":"Android Things","year":"0","key":"ref84"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.08.007"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2010.5675779"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2004.38"},{"journal-title":"Overview and Vision","year":"2006","key":"ref114"},{"journal-title":"Understanding Universal Plug and Play","year":"2000","key":"ref113"},{"journal-title":"Web of Things (WoT) Architecture","year":"0","key":"ref116"},{"journal-title":"Web of Things (WoT) Thing Description","year":"0","key":"ref80"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/514183.514185"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MobServ.2015.51"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INCITE.2016.7857606"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-007-0044-3"},{"journal-title":"Things-Board Open-Source IoT Platform","year":"0","key":"ref122"},{"journal-title":"SiteWhere is the Open Platform for the Internet of Things","year":"0","key":"ref123"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2008.79"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460383.2460389"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"443","article-title":"BOSS: Building operating system services","author":"dawson-haggerty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 10th USENIX Conf Netw Syst Design Implement"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementation of coap and its application in transport logistics","author":"kuladinithi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Inf Process Sensor Netw"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/8789751\/08768345.pdf?arnumber=8768345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T20:58:45Z","timestamp":1657745925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8768345\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2019.2925526","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-9219"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1558-2256"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}}}