{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T10:53:12Z","timestamp":1774435992785,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2019.2954005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T15:42:49Z","timestamp":1576770169000},"page":"1338-1352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Challenges and Opportunities of Near-Term Quantum Computing Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Antonio D.","family":"Corcoles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Kandala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Javadi-Abhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5203-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas T.","family":"McClure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kristan","family":"Temme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Nation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5269-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4620-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay M.","family":"Gambetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","year":"0"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1040-7"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.180509"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.032328"},{"key":"ref31","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qiskit Aqua"},{"key":"ref30","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qiskit Ignis"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-0980-2"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"134","article-title":"Adaptive quantum computation, constant depth quantum circuits and arthur-merlin games","volume":"4","author":"terhal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quantum Inf Comput"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3106"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.7.021050"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qiskit Terra"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Qiskit: An open-source framework for quantum computing","author":"aleksandrowicz","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qiskit Aer"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.87.307"},{"key":"ref22","year":"0"},{"key":"ref21","year":"0"},{"key":"ref24","year":"0"},{"key":"ref23","year":"0"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.98.062339"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2018-08-06-79"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.180501"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1666-5"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.96.022330"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2018","journal-title":"PyQuil"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23461"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.89.035002"},{"key":"ref150","first-page":"7174","author":"watrous","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quantum Computing and Communication Complexity"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2007.22"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2014.05.025"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-2048\/29\/8\/084007"},{"key":"ref147","article-title":"A 28 nm bulk-CMOS 4-to-8 GHz <2 mw cryogenic pulse modulator for scalable quantum computing","author":"bardin","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1902 10864"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2019.8702452"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139525343"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123939.3123949"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.080502"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2014.2341953"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Optimal ancilla-free clifford+T approximation of z-rotations","author":"ross","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1403 2975"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"The Solovay-Kitaev algorithm","author":"dawson","year":"2005","journal-title":"arXiv quant-ph\/0505030"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"ScaffCC: A framework for compilation and analysis of quantum computing programs","author":"javadi-abhari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conf on Computing Frontiers"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2018-01-31-49"},{"key":"ref52","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cirq"},{"key":"ref40","year":"0"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539795293172"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.79.325"},{"key":"ref6","author":"jordan","year":"0","journal-title":"Quantum Algorithm Zoo"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118742631.ch03"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231930"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Open quantum assembly language","author":"cross","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1707 03429"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-016-0004-0"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08812"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.93.060302"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.210505"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Qiskit backend specifications for openqasm and openpulse experiments","author":"mckay","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1809 03452"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASC.2016.2629670"},{"key":"ref42","year":"0"},{"key":"ref41","year":"0"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.200502"},{"key":"ref43","year":"0"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.8.031022"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.95.020501"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.6.031007"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b01651"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/aad8ca"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Graph-theoretic simplification of quantum circuits with the ZX-calculus","author":"duncan","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1902 03178"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.98.140506"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Circuit transformations for quantum architectures","author":"childs","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1902 09102"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"Tapering off qubits to simulate fermionic Hamiltonians","author":"bravyi","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1701 08213"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287624.3287704"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.666419"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.88.032321"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aa5e47"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-018-0072-4"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2007.911334"},{"key":"ref133","article-title":"Unitary partitioning approach to the measurement problem in the variational quantum eigensolver method","author":"izmaylov","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 09040"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.76.042319"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/aad3e4"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/aacf0b"},{"key":"ref132","article-title":"O(N3) measurement cost for variational quantum eigensolver on molecular Hamiltonians","author":"gokhale","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1908 11857"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.94.052325"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.74.140504"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.180504"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.69.062320"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.81.134507"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"How to enhance dephasing time in superconducting qubits","volume":"77","author":"cywi?ski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys Rev B Condens Matter"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5089550"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2004.11.004"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.82.2417"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.93.032318"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2005.855930"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6633\/aa7e1a"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.69.032315"},{"key":"ref141","article-title":"Microwave packaging for superconducting qubits","author":"lienhard","year":"2005","journal-title":"arXiv 1906 05425"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2244643"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4942453"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2008.917562"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3435463"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"113","article-title":"Qubit allocation","author":"siraichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp Code Generation Optim"},{"key":"ref144","article-title":"3D integration and packaging for solid-state qubits","author":"rosenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1906 11146"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1994.365700"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/aaa331"},{"key":"ref145","article-title":"Engineering cryogenic setups for 100-qubit scale superconducting circuit systems","author":"krinner","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1806 07862"},{"key":"ref1","author":"nielsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quantum Computation and Quantum Information"},{"key":"ref109","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quantum Algorithm Zoo"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"307","article-title":"IX. The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems involving differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam","volume":"210","author":"richardson","year":"1911","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A Containing Papers Math Phys Character"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0162"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1499754"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"Topological and subsystem codes on low-degree graphs with flag qubits","author":"chamberland","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 09528"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.51.992"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Experimental verification of five-qubit quantum error correction with superconducting qubits","author":"gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 04507"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.99.062323"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.180501"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13068-7"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701074"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"A volumetric framework for quantum computer benchmarks","author":"blume-kohout","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1904 05546"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7979","article-title":"Demonstration of a quantum error detection code using a square lattice of four superconducting qubits","volume":"6","author":"c\u00f3rcoles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Commun"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.010302"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23879"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313276.3316310"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5213"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.95.042308"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.8.011021"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"Quantum computation with universal error mitigation on superconducting quantum processor","author":"song","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1812 10903"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Error-mitigated quantum gates exceeding physical fidelities in a trapped-ion system","author":"zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1905 10135"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.52.R2493"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/258533.258579"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1996.548464"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Fault-tolerant quantum computation","author":"preskill","year":"1997","journal-title":"arXiv quant-ph\/9712048v1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4916(02)00018-0"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23460"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2017-04-25-8"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.86.032324"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3307650.3322273"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"222","article-title":"An upper bound on the threshold quantum decoherence rate","volume":"4","author":"razborov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quantum Inf Comput"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.95.032338"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304075"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2019-03-05-128"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Qubit allocation for noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers","author":"finigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1810 08291"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2008.0443"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits","author":"gidney","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1905 09749"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Extracting success from IBM&#x2019;s 20-qubit machines using error-aware compilation","author":"nishio","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1903 10963"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.250501"},{"key":"ref113","article-title":"Quantum-inspired low-rank stochastic regression with logarithmic dependence on the dimension","author":"gilyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1811 04909"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.70.052328"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"A case for variability-aware policies for NISQ-era quantum computers","author":"tannu","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1805 10224"},{"key":"ref115","article-title":"Simulation of quantum circuits by low-rank stabilizer decompositions","author":"bravyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"arxiv 1808 00128"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.117.080501"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3297858.3304018"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"21:1","article-title":"Complexity classification of conjugated Clifford circuits","author":"bouland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 33rd Comput Complex Conf (CCC)"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.122.040504"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/15M1050902"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Fixed-depth two-qubit circuits and the monodromy polytope","author":"peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1904 10541"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63390-9_1"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Contract-based verification of a realistic quantum compiler","author":"shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1908 08963"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Optimization of quantum circuit mapping using gate transformation and commutation","author":"itoko","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1907 02686"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/9143211\/08936946.pdf?arnumber=8936946","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T11:36:36Z","timestamp":1641987396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8936946\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":154,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2019.2954005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}}}