{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T15:46:38Z","timestamp":1772207198266,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"MURI Project from the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA9550-18-1-0379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-18-1-0379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2020.3023959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T21:30:56Z","timestamp":1601415056000},"page":"1759-1784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Integrated Nonreciprocal Photonic Devices With Dynamic Modulation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6699-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian A. D.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0665-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momchil","family":"Minkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6064-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Avik","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jiahui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alex Y.","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shanhui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2017.8072075"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.66.205320"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1960.287569"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5026238"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.101.042319"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11101-3"},{"key":"ref37","author":"haus","year":"1984","journal-title":"Waves and Fields in Optoelectronics"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1965.4321","article-title":"on reciprocity and time-variable networks","volume":"53","author":"anderson","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1963.2631","article-title":"low-noise nonreciprocal parametric amplifier with power matching at the input and output","volume":"51","author":"maurer","year":"1963","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Nonreciprocal parametric amplifier circuits","volume":"49","author":"baldwin","year":"1961","journal-title":"Proc IRE"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaj2118"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-019-00558-8"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.7.041043"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.270"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.185"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.6.000473"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2014.2330193"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.1986.1074666"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1719"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2016.2514612"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.004094"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.033205"},{"key":"ref50","author":"boyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nonlinear Optics"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2009.2026914","article-title":"Integrated nonmagnetic optical isolators based on photonic transitions*","volume":"16","author":"yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE J Sel Topics Quantum Electron"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.83.34"},{"key":"ref58","author":"haus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electromagnetic Noise and Quantum Optical Measurements"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.26.1817"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.018907"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.5.021025"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys4009"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.99.013824"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Broadband optical switch based on an achromatic photonic gauge potential in dynamically modulated waveguides","volume":"11","author":"williamson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Rev A Gen Phys"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.153901"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3280286"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1008-7"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2894224"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13078"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao3924"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2008.273"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Silicon optical phased array with high-efficiency beam formation over 180 degree field of view","author":"phare","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1802 04624"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao1968"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.44.002240"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.017409"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.033904"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.59.1551"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.36.004293"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2012.236"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.014500"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.004493"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.1987.1073206"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.177"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.033901"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2016.2639542"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.004116"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.021181"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2010.179"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.003140"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.14"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2016.15"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.010553"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2018.2814792"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4069"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.100.703"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ph400058y"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3407"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.81.063837"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.001547"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2005.845620"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22387"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2863208"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201200032"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.021235"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0254-9"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.000916"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.180"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"141","article-title":"Integrated Si3N4\/SiO2 ultra high Q ring resonators","author":"spencer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Photon Conf"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2158886"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ECEOC.2012.P2.11"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Acousto-optic modulation and optoacoustic gating in piezo-optomechanical circuits","volume":"7","author":"balram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Rev A Gen Phys"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2014.2384520"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevX.2.011008"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.120155"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2004.835194"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.010335"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b00849"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4225"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.24.000711"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JQE.2004.834773"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000541"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3257378","article-title":"All-optical phase modulations in a silicon wire waveguide at ultralow light levels","volume":"95","author":"matsuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7193"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5042428"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11727"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.229"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0532-1"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.93"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2864668"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2017.120"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13662"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0551-y","article-title":"Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages","volume":"562","author":"wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.5.000739"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Optical nonreciprocity based on optomechanical coupling","volume":"7","author":"miri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys Rev A Gen Phys"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201800316"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201606128"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.30.001989"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-020-0590-4"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3236"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2884855"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0259-2"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.8b00576"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.9b00514"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.007672"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813148758_0013"},{"key":"ref115","author":"johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"High Speed Signal Propagation Advanced Black Magic"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-017-0075-2"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2004.833896"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.022075"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25303"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-017-0071-6"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2015.122"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-018-0208-0"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/9207923\/09207994.pdf?arnumber=9207994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,8]],"date-time":"2023-10-08T17:10:49Z","timestamp":1696785049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9207994\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2020.3023959","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}}}