{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:46:06Z","timestamp":1781646366223,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51875054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51875054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1864212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1864212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019531","name":"Chongqing Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2019jcyjjqX0016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2019jcyjjqX0016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019531","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2022.3175614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T19:44:13Z","timestamp":1654285453000},"page":"735-753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["A Review of Second-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage Applications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2769-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchen","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4304-0654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5834-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongwei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5695-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianke","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automotive and Mechatronics Engineering, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-7168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remus","family":"Teodorescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1126-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Pecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2015.2437338"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Global EV Sales for 2021","author":"Irle","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries: Recycling or Second-Life?","author":"Nhede","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"USABC electric vehicle battery test procedures manual","author":"Hunt","year":"1996"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of soil-pollution by slag from an automobile battery manufacturing plant in Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Adie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2016.7855090"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2801262"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2014.2303572"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etran.2019.100005"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.11.018"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.12.011"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.05.110"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2020.229026"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0961713jes"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2011.06.053"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.01.072"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123128"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en14082217"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13052\/jge1904-4720.614"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3926\/jiem.2009"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"5","article-title":"A review of the complexities of applying second life electric car batteries on energy businesses","volume-title":"Proc. Energy Syst. Conf.","author":"Casals"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Sunbatt: Use of a second life battery system from PHEV in stationary applications","volume-title":"Proc. Smart City Expo World Congr.","author":"Cruz-Gibert"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEP.2015.7177641"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2172\/809607"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.11.046"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2021.102837"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2019.227263"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrp.2021.100537"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries5010033"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2865664"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EVER.2018.8362355"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adts.202000109"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124152"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.210"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10070835"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2011.2114901"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2012.6345071"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IFEEC.2017.7992170"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2015.01.015"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0031711jes"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2011.10.013"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2018.01.004"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.113411"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.06.076"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2014-01-0342"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries5020049"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCTA48906.2021.9659267"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensm.2021.12.044"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109334"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2012.10.060"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.09.010"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2008.11.021"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2017.10.153"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2009.2027023"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.08.089"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.09.006"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.07.061"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.05.001"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41524-018-0064-0"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2013.12.099"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2020.2986364"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2020.3017090"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.01.097"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2015.2420375"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2013.6579917"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.06.103"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.06.104"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTE.2019.2953606"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2020.3027561"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51859-6_10"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.05.033"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.09.046"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.08.013"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.015"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/1.1393888"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101278"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109464"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2011.2181868"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2001-01-0959"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electricity2010004"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/batteries5030055"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2020.2964814"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2013.2239296"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2013.6699695"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2014.2336599"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEVC.2012.6183238"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/IMECE2014-37134"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.02.052"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.11.007"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2010.2045663"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2008.921556"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2011.2163091"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2015.7125532"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2016.2593425"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.05.011"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.047"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/er.3310"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2017.03.003"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2017.7969558"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.01.164"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.11.060"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.03.123"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.05.077"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2016.03.006"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902402"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2017.11.001"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICA.2016.7811497"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIT.2015.7125149"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en9070499"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.09.157"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2015.7286584"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM.2018.8586485"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2016.7568516"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIE.2019.2913015"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.11.002"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2020.03.001"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.114423"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en10111846"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.2986333"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2015.2461134"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2020.2996274"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19183937"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCEP.2011.6036300"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13705-016-0071-2"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2012-01-0348"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2015.7309672"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1149\/07401.0055ecst"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2014.02.012"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/er.5147"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.11.079"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115127"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/9\/094004"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.08.056"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJPSE.2015.071429"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.04.016"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.09.149"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2014.06.006"},{"key":"ref138","article-title":"Second use of PEV batteries: A massive storage resource for revolutionizing the grid","author":"Neubauer","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.12.005"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122584"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.057","article-title":"Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity","volume":"45","author":"Peter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref142","volume-title":"Energy Storage: Information on Challenges to Deployment for Electricity Grid Operations and Efforts to Address Them","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/9788501\/09788509.pdf?arnumber=9788509","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T02:47:34Z","timestamp":1706755654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9788509\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2022.3175614","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}}}