{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:13:58Z","timestamp":1773386038260,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Proc. IEEE"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2022.3207046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T19:39:26Z","timestamp":1665603566000},"page":"1821-1834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Photonic Lanterns, 3-D Waveguides, Multiplane Light Conversion, and Other Components That Enable Space-Division Multiplexing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1012-8334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas K.","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nokia Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ, USA"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of IT and Electrical Engineering (ITEE), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Leon-Saval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photonics and Optical Science (IPoS), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9054-4372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongmin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4092-6970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K."}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Amezcua-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Space-division multiplexed transmission over 4200-km 3-core microstructured fiber","author":"ryf","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Nat Fiber Opt Eng Conf"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2011.2174336"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.027197"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.005698"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.013996"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.001988"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.016680"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.027123"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.3011183"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.3016719"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.7.000107"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02113969"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2016.08.005"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.24.012661"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.008430"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lpor.201400078"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09840-4"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.27.002524"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2018.8535536"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hermite–Gaussian mode multiplexer supporting 1035 modes","author":"fontaine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Opt Fiber Commun Conf (OFC)"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2015.Th5C.1"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Packaged 45-mode multiplexers for a 50-?m graded index fiber","author":"fontaine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Opt Commun (ECOC)"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.394098"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2016.09.017"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23366-1"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.001729"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2015.7341687"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2014.W4J.2"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2018.M4D.5"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"7-core?6-mode photonic lantern mode multiplexer","author":"alvarado-zacarias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc 45th Eur Conf Opt Commun"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.016701"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2014.243"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2963441"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2012.2189379"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Space-division multiplexing over 10 km of three-mode fiber using coherent 6?6 MIMO processing","author":"ryf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Nat Fiber Opt Eng Conf"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2015.7341686"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.427631"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.203901"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.4.001526"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTON51198.2020.9203145"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.018871"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.000224"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.001151"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27072-2"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.40.001663"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.32.000328"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Demonstration of stable 3?10 Gb\/s mode group-multiplexed transmission over a 20 km few-mode fiber","author":"liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Opt Fiber Commun Conf (OFC)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.000608"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.001036"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.003990"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-7990\/ab4d51"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEOPR.2020.C3H_3"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.002331"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2015.W2A.16"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLEOE-EQEC.2017.8087236"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.41.000076"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2015.7341651"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2014.2370673"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"48","article-title":"Three-dimensional C + L band and EDFA pump band integrated tapered mode couplers","author":"riesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Austral New Zealand Conf Opt Photon (ANZCOP)"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/nanoph-2015-0020"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2015.09.002"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.12.002"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.002978"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-013-8090-8"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.23.022532"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.015473"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.024103"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.015101"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AOP.6.000413"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.011691"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.94"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEOPR.2020.C6G_3"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2764-0"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CLEOE-EQEC.2017.8087731"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/CLEOPR.2020.P5_2"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"Fully reflective annular laser beam shaping for 1.03 ?m ultra-high throughput laser beam welding (conference presentation)","volume":"11273","author":"meunier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.375875"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2016.08.004"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Inverse design of gradient-index volume multimode converters","author":"barr\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2111 15461"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816502-7.00008-7"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2007.906798"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.28.001518"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-018-0246-9"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19601-3"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2016.Th5A.6"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"1","article-title":"3?4?10-Gb\/s MDM-WDM transmission over 21-km OM3 MMF with OOK modulation and direct detection","author":"wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Opt Fiber Commun Conf"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2018.Th4B.3"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECOC.2017.8346129"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.015599"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2017.Th2A.7"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.017029"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-019-0269-7"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.007047"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Machine learning with multimode fibers","author":"te?in","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Conf Lasers Electro-Opt"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-021-00112-0","article-title":"Scalable optical learning operator","volume":"1","author":"te?in","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2021.127359"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0054885"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/NETWORKS.2017.NeW3B.2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSOS45490.2019.8978969"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"1","article-title":"57 channel (19?3) spatial multiplexer fabricated using direct laser inscription","author":"mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Opt Fiber Commun Conf"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2019.1015"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OFC.2018.Th4C.4"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficient multiplexing and demultiplexing of free-space orbital angular momentum using photonic integrated circuits","author":"fontaine","year":"2012","journal-title":"OFC\/NFOEC OFC\/NFOEC"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06561-w"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.029855"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2020.2997756"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2019.2902601"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1","author":"rademacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Opt Fiber Commun Conf (OFC)"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LPT.2003.819416"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5050332"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the IEEE"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5\/9945675\/09916270.pdf?arnumber=9916270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T19:43:50Z","timestamp":1670874230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9916270\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jproc.2022.3207046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9219","1558-2256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9219","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2256","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}}}