{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:14:49Z","timestamp":1784211289470,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62572184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62572184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ5270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ5270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ50365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ50365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"Changsha Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["kq2402098 and Grant kq2402162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["kq2402098 and Grant kq2402162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2026.3660010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:44:44Z","timestamp":1770065084000},"page":"3507-3540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["From Large AI Models to Agentic AI: A Tutorial on Future Intelligent Communications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Feibo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Language Information Processing, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunhua","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Brunel University London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Michiardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Department, EURECOM, Biot, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Octavia A.","family":"Dobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University, St. John&#x2019;s, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merouane","family":"Debbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6G Research Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"ITU-R framework for IMT-2030: Review and future direction","author":"Alliance","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2921208"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00349"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving language understanding by generative pre-training","author":"Radford","year":"2018"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref5","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"CTRL: A conditional transformer language model for controllable generation","author":"Shirish Keskar","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1909.05858"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume-title":"Proc. NIPS","author":"Brown"},{"issue":"140","key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"27730","article-title":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NIPS)","author":"Ouyang"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"GPT-4 technical report","author":"Achiam","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.08774"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Gemini: A family of highly capable multimodal models","author":"Team","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.11805"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"DeepSeek-R1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.12948"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Auto-GPT for online decision making: Benchmarks and additional opinions","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.02224"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"38154","article-title":"HuggingGPT: Solving AI tasks with ChatGPT and its friends in hugging face","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Shen"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"OpenAgents: An open platform for language agents in the wild","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.10634"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"From LLM reasoning to autonomous AI agents: A comprehensive review","author":"Amine Ferrag","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.19678"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3532853"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Agentic AI for scientific discovery: A survey of progress, challenges, and future directions","author":"Gridach","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.08979"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2026.3660844"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3465447"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3564333"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Agentic satellite-augmented low-altitude economy and terrestrial networks: A survey on generative approaches","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.14633"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3576176"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"UAVs meet agentic AI: A multidomain survey of autonomous aerial intelligence and agentic UAVs","author":"Sapkota","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.08045"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3010270"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.016.2300600"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2300346"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW60836.2024.00131"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300550"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.1383"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10094735"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Unveiling the power of complex-valued transformers in wireless communications","author":"Leng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.11151"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52953\/JWRA8095"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.007.2400124"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"An image is worth 16 \u00d7 16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2010.11929"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops67674.2025.11162294"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3460480"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16224204"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1312.6114"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC51071.2022.9771642"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3386577"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prime.2023.100335"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"2256","article-title":"Deep unsupervised learning using nonequilibrium thermodynamics","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Sohl-Dickstein"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"6840","article-title":"Denoising diffusion probabilistic models","volume-title":"Proc. NIPS","author":"Ho"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","first-page":"8","article-title":"Improving image generation with better captions","volume":"2","author":"Betker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"36479","article-title":"Photorealistic text-to-image diffusion models with deep language understanding","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Saharia"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2025.105283"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10447612"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC51166.2024.10622730"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13112063"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00387"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Sora: A review on background, technology, limitations, and opportunities of large vision models","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.17177"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.1.79"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"5547","article-title":"GLaM: Efficient scaling of language models with mixture-of-experts","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Du"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Mixtral of experts","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.04088"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2400150"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3459037"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"MoE-AMC: Enhancing automatic modulation classification performance using Mixture-of-Experts","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.02298"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"LLaMA: Open and efficient foundation language models","author":"Touvron","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2302.13971"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300575"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcc.2024.100211"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01553"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"DINOv2: Learning robust visual features without supervision","author":"Oquab","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2304.07193"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Lightweight vision model-based multi-user semantic communication systems","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.16424"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3435752"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context","author":"Team","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.05530"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"34892","article-title":"Visual instruction tuning","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"36","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72775-7_2"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"390","article-title":"LLaVA-UHD: An LMM perceiving any aspect ratio and high-resolution images","volume-title":"Proc. Eur. Conf. Comput. Vis.","author":"Xu"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3429295"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3427313"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Application of frozen large-scale models to multimodal task-oriented dialogue","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.00845"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of reinforcement learning: From algorithms to practical challenges","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.18892"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3777411"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"35","author":"Wei"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Lewis"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"DeepSeekMath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.03300"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Qwen2.5 technical report","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.15115"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75538-8_7"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"A survey of efficient reasoning for large reasoning models: Language, multimodality, and beyond","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.21614"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.298"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Fast transformer decoding: One write-head is all you need","author":"Shazeer","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1911.02150"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"TinyLlama: An open-source small language model","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.02385"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.naacl-long.253"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"MiniCPM: Unveiling the potential of small language models with scalable training strategies","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.06395"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref89","first-page":"3","article-title":"Phi-2: The surprising power of small language models","volume":"1","author":"Javaheripi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsoft Res. Blog"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Phi-3 technical report: A highly capable language model locally on your phone","author":"Abdin","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.14219"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.015.2300404"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMLCN.2025.3593184"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshp64532.2024.11101012"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2500111"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2024.10.010"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"A channel coding benchmark for meta-learning","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2107.07579"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"DeepMIMO: A generic deep learning dataset for millimeter wave and massive MIMO applications","author":"Alkhateeb","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1902.06435"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3457550"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14445\/22315381\/IJETT-V73I2P125"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"Edge general intelligence through world models and agentic AI: Fundamentals, solutions, and challenges","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2508.09561"},{"key":"ref101","article-title":"OpenAI o1 system card","author":"Jaech","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.16720"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"11809","article-title":"Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"36","author":"Yao"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i16.29720"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.147"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for large language models: A survey","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.10997"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2024.3352100"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"A systematic survey of prompt engineering in large language models: Techniques and applications","author":"Sahoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.07927"},{"key":"ref108","article-title":"A survey of agent interoperability protocols: Model context protocol (MCP), agent communication protocol (ACP), agent-to-agent protocol (A2A), and agent network protocol (ANP)","author":"Ehtesham","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.02279"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-024-40678-2"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2021.03.088"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on vector database: Storage and retrieval technique, challenge","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.11703"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA52953.2021.00105"},{"key":"ref113","first-page":"8634","article-title":"Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Shinn"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2025.3579496"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2025.3596934"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"WirelessAgent: Large language model agents for intelligent wireless networks","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.01074"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Agentic web: Weaving the next web with AI agents","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2507.21206"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Internet of Agents: Fundamentals, applications, and challenges","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.07176"},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"Context engineering for multi-agent LLM code assistants using elicit, NotebookLM, ChatGPT, and claude code","author":"Haseeb","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2508.08322"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3623167"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"Large-language-model enabled semantic communication systems","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.14112"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.002.2300460"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC65549.2025.11326061"},{"key":"ref124","article-title":"Large language model-based semantic communication system for image transmission","author":"Ribouh","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.12988"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2025.3595688"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3553851"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3539526"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3624573"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops59551.2024.10615340"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2500056"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3607717"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3610398"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2400106"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3680207.3723486"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3470210"},{"key":"ref136","article-title":"LLM-based threat detection and prevention framework for IoT ecosystems","author":"Otoum","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.00240"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43926-024-00083-4"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-78666-2_11"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2025.101429"},{"key":"ref140","article-title":"IoT-LM: Large multisensory language models for the Internet of Things","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.09801"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400076"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649329.3658473"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3524255"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCWorkshops62562.2024.10693742"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3527641"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901542"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2400764"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3456549"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2023.10272352"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps58843.2023.10465211"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC64266.2025.10920709"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626111.3628183"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3625637"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3651890.3672268"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"Large language models meet network slicing management and orchestration","author":"Dandoush","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.13721"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3696348.3696868"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3367788"},{"key":"ref158","article-title":"Pathway to secure and trustworthy ZSM for LLMs: Attacks, defense, and opportunities","author":"Ali Khowaja","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.00722"},{"key":"ref159","article-title":"BC4LLM: Trusted artificial intelligence when blockchain meets large language models","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.06278"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i19.30136"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-long.532"},{"key":"ref162","article-title":"PrivateLoRA for efficient privacy preserving LLM","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2311.14030"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ai5040134"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42400-025-00361-w"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnlest.2025.100301"},{"key":"ref166","article-title":"LLM-empowered resource allocation in wireless communications systems","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.02944"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC61514.2024.10592370"},{"key":"ref168","article-title":"LLM-OptiRA: LLM-driven optimization of resource allocation for non-convex problems in wireless communications","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.02091"},{"key":"ref169","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for mobile edge computing via large language model","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.20820"},{"key":"ref170","article-title":"Cached model-as-a-resource: Provisioning large language model agents for edge intelligence in Space-air-ground integrated networks","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.05826"},{"key":"ref171","article-title":"PerLLM: Personalized inference scheduling with edge-cloud collaboration for diverse LLM services","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.14636"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641512.3686358"},{"key":"ref173","first-page":"1725","article-title":"D-LLM: A token adaptive computing resource allocation strategy for large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Jiang"},{"key":"ref174","article-title":"Self-resource allocation in multi-agent LLM systems","author":"Amayuelas","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.02051"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3470774"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3422309"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshp64532.2024.11101226"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.005.2400019"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3519325"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.002.2400332"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCTech63666.2024.10845514"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.008.2200504"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2024-Fall63153.2024.10757470"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS65812.2025.11152722"},{"key":"ref185","article-title":"Leveraging edge intelligence and LLMs to advance 6G-enabled Internet of Automated Defense Vehicles","author":"Arda Onsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.06205"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3560042"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC58415.2024.10919532"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/drones9030213"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010175"},{"key":"ref190","article-title":"UAV-CodeAgents: Scalable UAV mission planning via multi-agent ReAct and vision-language reasoning","author":"Sautenkov","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.07236"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aaai.12087"},{"key":"ref192","article-title":"Recent advances of multimodal continual learning: A comprehensive survey","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.05352"},{"key":"ref193","article-title":"Maintaining adversarial robustness in continuous learning","author":"Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.11196"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01252-6_33"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/encyclopedia3020049"},{"key":"ref196","first-page":"1","article-title":"Let\u2019s verify step by step","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Lightman"},{"key":"ref197","article-title":"Training large language models for reasoning through reverse curriculum reinforcement learning","author":"Xi","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.05808"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.2022.3150264"},{"key":"ref199","article-title":"Neural-symbolic integration for interactive learning and conceptual grounding","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2112.11805"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-3020"},{"key":"ref201","article-title":"GAN dissection: Visualizing and understanding generative adversarial networks","author":"Bau","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1811.10597"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00704"},{"key":"ref203","first-page":"38087","article-title":"SmoothQuant: Accurate and efficient post-training quantization for large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Xiao"},{"key":"ref204","article-title":"A survey on knowledge distillation of large language models","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.13116"},{"key":"ref205","article-title":"Agentic retrieval-augmented generation: A survey on agentic RAG","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.09136"},{"key":"ref206","article-title":"AgentNet: Decentralized evolutionary coordination for LLM-based multi-agent systems","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.00587"},{"key":"ref207","article-title":"Multi-agent collaboration mechanisms: A survey of LLMs","author":"Tran","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.06322"},{"key":"ref208","article-title":"Advancing multi-agent systems through model context protocol: Architecture, implementation, and applications","author":"Krishnan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.21030"},{"key":"ref209","article-title":"Building a secure agentic AI application leveraging A2A protocol","author":"Habler","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.16902"}],"container-title":["IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/49\/11372474\/11370176.pdf?arnumber=11370176","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:45:01Z","timestamp":1772138701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11370176\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":209,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jsac.2026.3660010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1558-0008","0733-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1558-0008","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0733-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}