{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T20:03:08Z","timestamp":1776628988023,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1453141 (LS)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1453141 (LS)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Draper internal opportunity investment funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Systems Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/jsyst.2018.2821689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T18:05:56Z","timestamp":1524247556000},"page":"1072-1083","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Human Factors Considerations for Enabling Functional Use of Exosystems in Operational Environments"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0119-1617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leia","family":"Stirling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ho Chit","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3853-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Duda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00194-1"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00162-X"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"398","article-title":"Stairclimbing kinematics on stairs of differing dimensions","volume":"72","author":"livingston","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"3963","article-title":"Biomechanics and energetics of walking on uneven terrain","volume":"216","author":"voloshina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Experimental Biol"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/77.6.646"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25592"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.12.016"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7139980"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1980.44.4.650"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872098779649256"},{"key":"ref78","author":"wickens","year":"2004","journal-title":"An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9","article-title":"Development of NASA-TLX (task load index): Results of empirical and theoretical research","author":"hart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Human Mental Workload"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1983.6313160"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA159080"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315665177","author":"wickens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Engineering Psychology and Human Performance"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118131350"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-44506-8_16"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2010.2056682"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1126\/science.350.6258.270","article-title":"In pursuit of the perfect power suit","volume":"350","author":"cornwall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"7","article-title":"Some observations on mental models","author":"norman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mental Models"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2955-1"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696368"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451737"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907165"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/LEAHUMFACERG"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"1926","article-title":"Automation surprises","volume":"2","author":"sarter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref27","author":"dix","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/1.A32267"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420063608","author":"proctor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Human Factors in Simple and Complex Systems"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639220500337708"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8179.001.0001"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2015.09.007"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915453"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2015.2425813"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-05-03208.1994"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1994.72.1.299"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5626058"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.84.2.853"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.1.205"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.12.006"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.844354"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2007-2797"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199757183.013.0007"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA607926"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931213601390"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2016.2604366"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Objective performance metrics for improved space telerobotics training","author":"forman","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2506729"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056137"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2013.6631046"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905819"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451735"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-015-9457-9"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.1037"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1100000005"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364916688255"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2006.04.003"},{"key":"ref11","author":"chaffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occupational Biomechanics"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0196-8"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219843607001138"},{"key":"ref13","author":"sheridan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Telerobotics Automation and Human Supervisory Control"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649922066385"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"132","article-title":"Analyzing software specifications for mode confusion potential","author":"leveson","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Workshop Human Error and System Development"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Situation awareness rating technique (SART): The development of a tool for aircrew systems design","author":"taylor","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc AGARD Aeros Med Panel Symp Situational Awareness Aeros Oper"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2034734"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922021000020927"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872008X312233"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/001401399185595","article-title":"Level of automation effects on performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task","volume":"42","author":"endlsey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Flight crew reliance on automation","author":"wood","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1270-9638(02)00011-1"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0390-7"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"231b","article-title":"Eeg correlates of task engagement and mental workload in vigilance, learning, and memory tasks","volume":"78","author":"berka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aviation Space Environmental Med"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSRR.2016.7784294"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"698","article-title":"ISO 13482: The new safety standard for personal care robots","author":"jacobs","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp Robotics"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.07.273"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA377300"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"375","author":"mouli\u00e8res-seban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Factors Issues for the Design of a Cobotic System"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAECON.1988.195097"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01128.2011"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"283","article-title":"Situation awareness","author":"durso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Handbook of Applied Cognition"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Visual, auditory, cognitive, and psychomotor demands of real in-vehicle tasks","author":"yee","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-20"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"3\/1","article-title":"Cockpit conversations: Self talk for survival","author":"machado","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rod Machado's Plane Talk The Mental Art of Flying an Airplane"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Talk to yourself","author":"bergqvist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Flying"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.01.029"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2014.X.024"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2013.6483603"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2016.7745187"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1121241.1121280"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2010.00613.x"},{"key":"ref41","author":"kahneman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Attention and Effort"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00184"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543","article-title":"Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems","volume":"37","author":"endlsey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Factors"}],"container-title":["IEEE Systems Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielaam\/4267003\/8649702\/8344545-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4267003\/8649702\/08344545.pdf?arnumber=8344545","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T18:52:01Z","timestamp":1649443921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8344545\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/jsyst.2018.2821689","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-8184","1937-9234","2373-7816"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-8184","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-9234","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-7816","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}}}