{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:59:33Z","timestamp":1777366773805,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Baidu Research USA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/lra.2022.3150511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:24:50Z","timestamp":1644625490000},"page":"4472-4479","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Excavation Reinforcement Learning Using Geometric Representation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingkai","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Auto-Driving Lab, Baidu Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4587-4305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Auto-Driving Lab, Baidu Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5737-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robotics and Auto-Driving Lab, Baidu Research, Sunnyvale, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22532"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abc3164"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341598"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2969944"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.05.009"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0119395"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2005.844706"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3097264"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2972891"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21654"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10846-019-00994-3"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3056625"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2016.7535925"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3040246"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0957-4158(01)00014-9"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2014.2382579"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2019.2893690"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2021.3058071"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.1998.724871"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2017.2721551"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2011.03.013"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298652"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.304"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8205954"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00037"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"77","article-title":"PointNet: Deep learning on point sets for 3D classification and segmentation","volume-title":"IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.","author":"Qi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194188"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Deep learning for 3D point cloud understanding: A survey","author":"Lu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3005434"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"PointNet++: Deep hierarchical feature learning on point sets in a metric space","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Qi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/fitee.1900533"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2016.7798980"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2019.2959445"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2018.2800101"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2018.07.006"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Synthesis of tactical plans for robotic excavation","author":"Sing","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364920987859"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-010-0059-6"}],"container-title":["IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/7083369\/9647862\/09712242.pdf?arnumber=9712242","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T23:30:07Z","timestamp":1705534207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9712242\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/lra.2022.3150511","relation":{},"ISSN":["2377-3766","2377-3774"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2377-3766","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2377-3774","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}}}