{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T16:43:09Z","timestamp":1776530589372,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF CAREER","award":["1846969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1846969"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/lra.2025.3539551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T18:46:23Z","timestamp":1738867583000},"page":"3566-3573","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of a Quasi-Direct Drive Knee Perturbation System for Mechanical Impedance Estimation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4798-7223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves F.","family":"Nazon II","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics and Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4466-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gray C.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-1527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliott J.","family":"Rouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics and Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2307256"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.1984.4788393"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1951.3.10.582"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872086200400502"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1984.1103644"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2014.2360303"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9982037"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS55552.2023.10342504"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3150523"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2750113"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2877962"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR58425.2023.10304820"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95737-6"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2222374"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2009.4913109"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2983515"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2016.2572695"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(76)90069-5"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(97)00106-1"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.750561"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.1995.579705"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","first-page":"55","article-title":"System identification of human joint dynamics","volume":"18","author":"Kearney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2262689"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.025049"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01014.2010"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817450-0.00002-X"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(78)90010-6"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-5032-2"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.3005389"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Development of a tool and a method for estimating knee impedance during gait","author":"Tucker","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2022.3172497"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2016.2601613"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2758325"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.04.028"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2328235"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2017.2656130"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6943912"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00989.2014"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCAC.2019.8921278"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2017.05.024"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353443"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5332496"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2014.2339013"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2016.2640183"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8202172"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8793865"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2020.2995134"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794436"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3145580"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Alternative metrics to select motors for quasi-direct drive actuators","volume-title":"arXiv:2202.12365","author":"Urs","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2023.3334957"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48891.2023.10161174"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(84)90005-8"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051843"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199211000-00023"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2009.2019783"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4024286"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2016.2552406"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-12-1"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PHM.0000146502.25542.4E"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00199890"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.581944"}],"container-title":["IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/7083369\/10893718\/10876622-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/7083369\/10893718\/10876622.pdf?arnumber=10876622","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T06:07:27Z","timestamp":1741154847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10876622\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/lra.2025.3539551","relation":{},"ISSN":["2377-3766","2377-3774"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2377-3766","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2377-3774","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}