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City"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Ten Years of IBM","author":"Quigley","year":"1952"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref24","first-page":"291","article-title":"Business MachineTool of Library Progress","volume":"38","author":"Hirsch","year":"1944","journal-title":"ALA Bull."},{"key":"ref25","volume":"2","author":"Geer","year":"1955","journal-title":"Charging Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","first-page":"302","article-title":"International Business Machines\u2019 Use in Circulation Department, University of Florida Library","volume":"67","author":"Pratt","year":"1942","journal-title":"Library J."},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"139","article-title":"Punched Card Catalog","volume":"67","author":"Frommherz","year":"1942","journal-title":"Library J."},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"140","volume-title":"The Administration of the College Library","author":"Lyle","year":"1944"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"487","volume-title":"The University Library: Its Organization Administration and Functions","author":"Wilson","year":"1945"},{"volume-title":"The Library of Tomorrow: A Symposium","year":"1939","author":"Danton","key":"ref30"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"903","article-title":"Library Punched Card Procedures","volume":"71","author":"Maxfield","year":"1946","journal-title":"Library J."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199704)48:4<340::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199704)48:4<340::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"volume-title":"CAS Statistical Summary, 1907-2012","year":"2000","key":"ref34"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Marginal Punched Cards in College and Research Libraries","author":"McGaw","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"150","volume-title":"From Documentation to Information Science: The Beginnings and Early Development of the American Documentation Institute\u2013American Society for Information Science","author":"Farkas-Conn","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199709)48:9<775::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cen-v023n018.p1623"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Fifty Years of Chemical Information in the American Chemical Society, 1943\u20131993","author":"Metanomski","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Chronology of Chemical Information Science","volume-title":"18 \u00d7 24 poster","author":"Williams","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199704)48:4<340::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"250","article-title":"Bibliography on Uses of Punched Cards","volume":"3","author":"Ferris","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Documentation"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"460","article-title":"Bibliography on Uses of Punched Cards","volume-title":"Punched Cards: Their Applications\u2026","author":"Ferris","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"638","article-title":"Annotated Bibliography on Uses of Punched Cards","volume-title":"Punched Cards: Their Applications\u2026","author":"Casey","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"7","article-title":"Fifty Years of Chemical lnformation\u2026","volume-title":"See the listing of presentations at conference of the Division in Metanomski","year":"1993"},{"volume-title":"The Royal Soc. Scientific Information Conf., 27 June\u20132 July, 1948: Reports and Papers Submitted","year":"1948","key":"ref46"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"429","article-title":"The Mechanized Distribution of Information","volume-title":"The Royal Society Scientific Information Conf., 21June\u20132 July, 1948: Reports and Papers Submitted","year":"1948"},{"article-title":"Chronology of Chemical Information Science","year":"1998","author":"Williams","key":"ref48"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ci00047a023"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Making Information Retrieval Pay","volume-title":"118th Meeting, Abstracts of Papers","author":"Mooers","year":"1950"},{"volume-title":"For more details about the life and work of Mooers, including his work on the NOL computer project and his relationship with John Mauchley, see the following Web site, developed by Mooers\u2019 daughters [Online]","key":"ref51"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"340","article-title":"A Case History of a Zatocoding","author":"Brenner","year":"1958"},{"volume-title":"Based on the US Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index for all major expenditure class items using the calculator located at [Online]","key":"ref53"},{"volume-title":"qualification is based on a 1998 conversation with the family of Calvin Mooers. The Mooers papers are held by the Babbage Inst., Univ. of Minnesota, but contain limited information on the finances of the company. These papers have not been examined for this article. See the inventory of the Mooers papers at","key":"ref54","article-title":"The apparently"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"125","article-title":"The Peek-a-Boo System\u2014Optical Coincidence Subject Cards in Information Searching","volume-title":"Punched Cards: Their Applications\u2026","author":"Wildhack","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"169","article-title":"Specialized Files","author":"Batten","year":"1951"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199704)48:4<340::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420001136-22"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"152","article-title":"A Uniterm System for Reports","volume-title":"Punched Cards: Their Applications\u2026","author":"Zerwekh","year":"1958"},{"journal-title":"Personal communication to the author from Jerry Sophar, former staff member of Documentation Inc.","year":"1997","key":"ref60"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"71","article-title":"Nonconventional Technical Information Systems","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science","volume":"20","author":"Bohnert","year":"1977"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.23338193.20"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"82","article-title":"Commercially Available Equipment and Supplies","volume-title":"Punched Cards: Their Applications\u2026","author":"Rees","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"A 15-minute videotape demonstrating the Jonkers Termatrex system is available by","volume-title":"Mechanized Information Retrieval: A Demonstration of the Termatrex System","author":"Williams","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"162","article-title":"Electronic Searching","volume-title":"The State of the Library Art","volume":"4","author":"Jahoda","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420001136-22"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420001136-22"},{"volume-title":"transcript of an interview conducted by Robert V. 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Medical Library Assoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref72","first-page":"103","article-title":"Instrumentation","volume":"2","author":"Gull","year":"1953","journal-title":"Library Trends"},{"volume-title":"Marginal Punched Cards in College and Research Libraries","year":"1952","author":"McGaw","key":"ref73"},{"journal-title":"Charging Systems","year":"1955","author":"Geer","key":"ref74"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"174","author":"McGaw","year":"1952","journal-title":"Marginal Punched Cards"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"161","author":"Geer","year":"1955","journal-title":"Charging Systems"},{"journal-title":"The editions of Wilson and Tauber (1945, 1956) and Lyle (1944, 1949) contain only minimal descriptions of the use of punched cards in libraries","key":"ref77"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"279","article-title":"Application of Punched Cards to Library Routines","volume-title":"Punched Cards: Their Applications\u2026","author":"Berry","year":"1958"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"10","article-title":"index","volume-title":"the item. A record of where the duplicate cards are filed is recorded on the \u201ctracings\u201d at the bottom of the unit record card. See the discussion in C.P Bourne, Methods of Information Handling","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"177","article-title":"Microfilm Technology and Information Systems","volume-title":"Proc. 1998 Conf. History and Heritage of Science Information Systems","author":"Cady","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(198709)38:5<338::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630320113"},{"journal-title":"Methods of Information Handling, (p. 145). He characterizes computers as\u201d \u2026 grown-up tab equipment\u201d","first-page":"136","article-title":"The presence of computer equipment per se cannot provide better retrieval or guarantee good performance although it might provide the answers in a shorter period of time, or at less cost","key":"ref83"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"25","article-title":"The Present State of Library Automation: A Study in Reluctant Leadership","volume-title":"Proc. 1965 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing held at the IIIini Union on the Urbana Campus of the Univ. of IIIinois","author":"Gull","year":"1965"},{"journal-title":"Ibid.","first-page":"9","year":"1965","key":"ref85"},{"journal-title":"Ibid.","first-page":"4","year":"1965","key":"ref86"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"154","article-title":"National Science Foundation\u2014Science Information","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science","volume":"19","author":"Adkinson","year":"1976"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref88","article-title":"Current Research and Development in Scientific Documentation","volume-title":"Bibliography of References Cited in Issues No. 1-11, Nat\u2019l Science Foundation, Office of Science Information Service","year":"1965"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"196","article-title":"Documentalists Consider Machine Techniques","volume":"45","author":"Hyslop","year":"1953","journal-title":"Special Libraries"},{"volume-title":"Documentation in Action","year":"1956","author":"Shera","key":"ref90"},{"volume":"2","volume-title":"Proc. Int\u2019l Conf. Scientific Information, Washington, D.C.","year":"1958","key":"ref91"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"903","article-title":"Subject-Word Letter Frequencies with Applications to Superimposed Coding","volume-title":"Ohlman compiled and distributed at the conference a permutation index to preprints of conference papers. Luhn compiled and distributed at the conference a KWIC index to general technical literature. Personal communications","volume":"2","author":"Ohlman","year":"2001"},{"journal-title":"Methods of Information Handling","first-page":"17","author":"Bourne","key":"ref93"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ci00047a002"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199704)48:4<349::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"journal-title":"Methods of Information Handling","first-page":"122","author":"Bourne","key":"ref96"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Information Storage and Retrieval: Tools, Elements, Theories","author":"Becker","year":"1966"},{"journal-title":"Ibid.","key":"ref98","first-page":"126"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Present State of Library Automation","author":"Gull","year":"1965"},{"article-title":"Application of Punched Cards to Library Routines","year":"1958","author":"Berry","key":"ref100"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Bibliography on Mechanized Library Processes","author":"Goldhor","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"3","article-title":"Trends in Library Applications of Data Processing","volume-title":"Proc. 1963 Clinic on Library Applications of Data Processing","author":"Adkinson","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Present State of Library Automation","author":"Gull","year":"1965"},{"volume":"1","journal-title":"The LARC Association in 1969 conducted the first survey of libraries in the US and Canada and published it as a separate item. However, for the third survey in 1971, coverage was expanded worldwide and the results published in 12 separate volumes. The first volume of this series, on the US only, combines pp. 1969-1971 data and the results reported here reflect the data reported in it: A Survey of Automated Activities in the Libraries of the United States, Tempe, Ariz., The LARC Association","year":"1971","key":"ref104"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"302","article-title":"International Business Machine, Use in Circulation Department, University of Florida Library","volume":"67","author":"Pratt","year":"1942","journal-title":"Library J."}],"container-title":["IEEE Annals of the History of Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/85\/21773\/01010067.pdf?arnumber=1010067","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T05:33:52Z","timestamp":1742016832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1010067\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mahc.2002.1010067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-6180","1934-1547"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1058-6180"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1934-1547"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]}}}