{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:39:07Z","timestamp":1775054347518,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Annals Hist. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/mahc.2004.1278847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,15]],"date-time":"2004-04-15T15:57:06Z","timestamp":1082044626000},"page":"8-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Finding a History for Software Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"refs1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Software Processes are Software Too","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Int \u2019l Conf. Software Engineering","author":"Osterweil","year":"1987"},{"key":"refs2","first-page":"38","article-title":"Principles of Scientific Management","author":"Taylor","year":"1911"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/75111.75122"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/52.60586"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Indeed, this article stems from just such an address, delivered to ACM SIGSOFT\u2019s 9th Foundations of Software Engineering Conference (FSEC 9)","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226189666.001.0001"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Software as Engineering","volume-title":"For a recent discussion of the question, see The History of Software Engineering (Report of the Dagstuhl Seminar no. 9635","author":"Aspray","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/52.60586"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"7","article-title":"For example, at the first NATO conference (see below), R. Graham of Bell Labs remarked that, \u201cwe build systems like the Wright brothers built airplanes-build the whole thing, push it off the cliff, let it crash, and start over again,\u201d","volume-title":"(Software Engineering, Concepts and Techniques: Proc. NATO Conferences","author":"Naur","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Software Engineering: Report on a conf. sponsored by the NATO Science Committee","author":"Naur","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04954-9_3"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"\u201cMyth,\u201d here should be taken in the sense of a story told by a community to account for why it does things the way it does. The story may be more or less factually accurate, but its function does not depend on it"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Edsgar W. Dijksta was the foremost proponent of this view"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"21","article-title":"Towards a Mathematical Science of Computation","volume-title":"Proc. International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Congress (IFIP 62)","author":"McCarthy","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"225","article-title":"A Basis for a Mathematical Theory of Computation","volume-title":"Proc. Western Joint Computer Conf.","volume":"19","author":"McCarthy","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"33","article-title":"A Basis for a Mathematical Theory","author":"McCarthy"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"34","article-title":"McCarthy argued that none of the three then-current (1961) directions of research into the mathematics of computing held much promise of such a science. Numerical analysis was too narrowly focused. The theory of computability set a framework into which any mathematics of computation would have to fit, but it focused on what was unsolvable rather than seeking positive results, and its level of description was too general to capture actual algorithms. Finally, Finally, the theory of finite automata, though it operated at the right level of generality, exploded in complexity with the size of current computers. As he explained in another article,\u201d\u2026 [T]he fact of finiteness is used to show that the automaton will eventually repeat a state. However, anyone who waits for an IBM 7090 to repeat a state, solely because it is a finite automaton, is in for a very long wait.\u201d","volume-title":"Ibid","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.1984.234042"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"The Structures of Computation","volume-title":"The First Computers-Histories and Architectures","author":"Mahoney","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Software Engineering","author":"Naur"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"139","article-title":"The committee consisted of","author":"Arden","year":"1980"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.1976.1674590"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"48","article-title":"Software and its Impact: A Quantitative Assessment","volume":"19","author":"Boehm","year":"1973","journal-title":"Datamation"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"67","article-title":"Software Engineering","volume-title":"Boehm\u2019s footnote to \u201ctechnicians\u201d is worth repeating here. \u201cFor example, a recent survey of 14 installations in one large organization produced the following profile of its \u2019average coder\u2019: 2 years college-level education, 2 years software experience, familiarity with 2 programming languages and 2 applications, and generally introverted, sloppy, inflexible, \u2019in over his head,\u2019 and undermanaged. Given the continuing increase in demand for software personnel, one should not assume that this typical profile will improve much. This has strong implications for effective software engineering technology which, like effective software, must be well-matched to the people who use it\u201d","author":"Boehm"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"530","article-title":"Software Engineering","volume-title":"Information Processing 71","author":"Bauer","year":"1972"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"138","article-title":"Mass Produced Software Components","volume-title":"At the time, Mcllroy was one of the representatives of Bell Labs to the Multics project at MIT, where he worked on the semantics of PL\/I. He subsequently oversaw the development of Unix, to which he contributed the notion of \u201cpipes,\u201d which allows the chaining of programs, each taking as its input the output of its predecessor","author":"Mcilroy"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022050700109155"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Conversation with Mcllroy","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-07168-7_77"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/52.60587"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.1984.234384"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"Both Wegner and Jones have told me that their editors, not they, chose the pictures in question. Thus, the analogy was widely shared in the larger community"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"532","article-title":"Software Engineering","author":"Bauer"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"533","volume-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"1626","article-title":"Position Paper for Panel Discussion [on] the Economics of Program Production","volume-title":"Information Processing 68","volume":"II","author":"Bemer","year":"1969"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"29","article-title":"In the now classic Taylorism at Watertown Arsenal: Scientific Management in Action, 1908\u20131915","volume-title":"the planned routing and scheduling of work in progress, leading to the assembly line and continuous flow production; systematic inspection procedures between operations; printed job and instruction cards; refined cost-accounting techniques; systematization of store procedures, purchasing, and inventory control; and \u201cfunctional foremanship,\u201d which was the only element not to gain general acceptance. Taylor got little credit from historians for these things, yet \u201cthese inconspicuous innovations have probably exercised a more farreaching influence on industrial practice than has the conspicuous innovation of stop-watch time study.\u201d Taylor and Taylorism have attracted renewed attention from historians in recent decades","author":"Nelson","year":"1960"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"\u201cone best way,\u201d on which Taylor\u2019s system rested","volume-title":"That science constituted the famous"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"36","article-title":"reprinted","volume-title":"The Principles of Scientific Management","author":"Taylor","year":"1911"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1005928.1005930"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"2","article-title":"Software Processes are Software Too","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Int\u2019l Conf. Software Eng. 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