{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T10:02:52Z","timestamp":1773828172845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Annals Hist. 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United States<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jasper L.","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","year":"0","journal-title":"See In re Use of the Carterfone Device in Message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission p 421 1968 For a full text of the revised tariff at issue see ibid at p 427 app A"},{"key":"ref72","year":"0","journal-title":"See In re Use of the Carterfone device in message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission 1968 p 421"},{"key":"ref71","year":"0","journal-title":"See In re Use of the Carterfone device in message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission 1968 pp 420–421"},{"key":"ref70","year":"0","journal-title":"Contrived Competition Regulation and Deregulation in America"},{"key":"ref76","year":"0","journal-title":"Carter v Am Tel & Tel Co 365 F 2d 486 Fifth Circuit p 500 1966 The U S Supreme Court denied certiorari petition for review on January 9 1967 Carter v Am Tel & Tel Co 385 U S 1008 U S Supreme Court p 1008 1967"},{"key":"ref77","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Use of the Carterfone Device in Message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission 1968 p 421"},{"key":"ref74","year":"0","journal-title":"Contrived Competition Regulation and Deregulation in America"},{"key":"ref39","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 392 ¶ 3"},{"key":"ref75","year":"0","journal-title":"Carter v Am Tel & Tel Co 250 F Supp 188 Northern District of Texas p 192 1966"},{"key":"ref38","year":"0","journal-title":"Section 221(b) reads “Nothing in this Act shall be construed to apply or to give the Commission jurisdiction with respect to charges classifications practices services facilities or regulations for or in connection with wire telephone exchange service even though a portion of such exchange service constitutes interstate or foreign communication in any case where such matters are subject to regulation by a State commission or by local governmental authority ” In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 392 ¶ 1 n 24"},{"key":"ref78","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Use of the Carterfone Device in Message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission 1968 p 422"},{"key":"ref79","year":"0","journal-title":"The Master Switch The Rise and Fall of Information Empires"},{"key":"ref33","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 397 415 13 75"},{"key":"ref32","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission vol 69 p 413 1955 ¶ 69 (containing the full-text of the tariff provision) In re Hush-A-Phone 22 F C C 112 Federal Communications Commission 1957 112 ¶ 2 n 1 (same)"},{"key":"ref31","year":"0","journal-title":"The Master Switch The Rise and Fall of Information Empires"},{"key":"ref30","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission p 413 1955 ¶ 67"},{"key":"ref36","year":"0"},{"key":"ref35","year":"0","journal-title":"The Curse of Bigness Antitrust in the New Gilded Age"},{"key":"ref34","year":"0","journal-title":"Hush-A-Phone Corp v U S 238 F 2d 266 D C Circuit 1956 p 267"},{"key":"ref60","year":"0","journal-title":"Hamlet"},{"key":"ref62","year":"0","journal-title":"J Law Contemporary Issues"},{"key":"ref61","year":"0","journal-title":"See generally"},{"key":"ref63","year":"0","journal-title":"Hush-A-Phone Corp v U S 238 F 2d 266 D C Circuit 1956 p 268 (italics mine)"},{"key":"ref28","year":"0"},{"key":"ref64","year":"0","journal-title":"Hush-A-Phone Corp v U S 238 F 2d 266 D C Circuit 1956 p 269 (italics mine)"},{"key":"ref27","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 396 ¶ 11 (the actual exact numbers were 125 796 84 329 and 41 467)"},{"key":"ref65","year":"0","journal-title":"Science at the Bar"},{"key":"ref66","year":"0","journal-title":"Richard Posner"},{"key":"ref29","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission p 392 1955 ¶ 2"},{"key":"ref67","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 22 F C C 112 Federal Communications Commission 1957 114 ¶ 4"},{"key":"ref68","year":"0","journal-title":"Ibid"},{"key":"ref69","year":"0","journal-title":"Contrived Competition Regulation and Deregulation in America"},{"key":"ref2","volume":"13","year":"0","journal-title":"The Curse of Bigness Antitrust in the New Gilded Age"},{"key":"ref1","year":"0","journal-title":"The paper uses the Bell System or AT&T interchangeably throughout to denote the historical company which is the focus of the paper The postbreakup Southwestern Bell Corporation grew continuously for two decades until its 2005 acquisition of AT&T and rebranded the company to become the AT&T today In that sense AT&T is not necessarily the same company now as it was"},{"key":"ref20","year":"0","journal-title":"CommLaw Conspectus"},{"key":"ref22","year":"0","journal-title":"Science at the Bar"},{"key":"ref21","year":"0","journal-title":"Federal Radio Commission v Nelson Bros Bond & Mortgage Co 289 U S 266 U S Supreme Court p 277 1933 Silberschein v U S 266 U S 221 U S Supreme Court 1924 p 225 As a side note the D C Circuit must still respond to the most powerful court in America the U S Supreme Court who has the authority to grant review and reverse the D C Circuit's decisions However this separate interaction between the D C Circuit and the Supreme Court was not at issue in Hush-A-Phone or Carterfone and thus is outside the scope of this paper"},{"key":"ref24","year":"0","journal-title":"Contrived Competition Regulation and Deregulation in America"},{"key":"ref23","year":"0","journal-title":"The Future of the Internet And How to Stop It"},{"key":"ref26","year":"0","journal-title":"The Future of the Internet And How to Stop It"},{"key":"ref25","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 392 ¶ 2 This cup-like device snaps onto a telephone instrument and “permit[s] the speaker to confine his voice within the enclosure formed by the device so that it is not heard by persons in the speaker's vicinity thereby providing privacy of conversation and office quiet It is also designed to improve telephone reception in noisy locations by keeping surrounding noises out of the telephone transmitter and thus out of the telephone circuit ” Hush-A-Phone Corp v U S 238 F 2d 266 D C Circuit no 2 p 267 1956 (citing the FCC's brief In re Hush-A-Phone No 9189 p 2)"},{"key":"ref50","year":"0","journal-title":"Hush-A-Phone Corp v U S 238 F 2d 266 D C Circuit 1956 p 268 (italics mine)"},{"key":"ref51","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 420 ¶ 5"},{"key":"ref95","year":"0","journal-title":"The Univ Chicago Law Rev"},{"key":"ref94","year":"0","journal-title":"Regulation and Its Reform"},{"key":"ref93","year":"0","journal-title":"The Master Switch The Rise and Fall of Information Empires"},{"key":"ref92","year":"0","journal-title":"Network Nation Inventing American Telecommunications"},{"key":"ref91","year":"0","journal-title":"Network Nation Inventing American Telecommunications"},{"key":"ref90","year":"0","journal-title":"The Future of the Internet And How to Stop It"},{"key":"ref96","year":"0","journal-title":"Supreme Court Econ Rev"},{"key":"ref97","year":"0","journal-title":"Network Nation Inventing American Telecommunications"},{"key":"ref59","year":"0","journal-title":"CommLaw Conspectus"},{"key":"ref58","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 427 ¶ 19"},{"key":"ref57","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 394 ¶ 8 p 418 ¶ 81"},{"key":"ref56","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 419 ¶¶ 3 4 (citation omitted)"},{"key":"ref55","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 421 ¶ 5"},{"key":"ref54","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 420 ¶ 5 (citing In re Use of recording devices in connection with Tel Serv 11 F C C 1033 Federal Communications Commission 1947 p 1048)"},{"key":"ref53","year":"0","journal-title":"Hush-A-Phone Corp v U S 238 F 2d 266 D C Circuit 1956 pp 268–269"},{"key":"ref52","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 20 F C C 391 Federal Communications Commission 1955 p 421 ¶ 6"},{"key":"ref10","year":"0","journal-title":"Duke Law J"},{"key":"ref11","year":"0","journal-title":"The Communications Act of 1934 requires every common carrier to file with the FCC “schedules” (aka “tariffs”) that show “all charges” and “the classifications practices and regulations affecting such charges ” 47\ufffdU S C §\ufffd203(a) Under the “filed-tariff doctrine” (aka the “filed-rate doctrine”) “once a carrier's tariff is approved by the FCC the terms of the federal tariff are considered to be ‘the law ’ [not merely contracts] and to therefore ‘conclusively and exclusively enumerate the rights and liabilities’ as between the carrier and the customer '” Evanns v AT&T Corp 229 F 3d 837 Ninth Circuit 2000 p 840 n 8 (quoting Marcus v AT&T Corp 138 F 3d 46 Second Circuit 1998 p 56)"},{"key":"ref40","year":"0","journal-title":"The Master Switch The Rise and Fall of Information Empires"},{"key":"ref12","year":"0","journal-title":"Harvard J Law Technol"},{"key":"ref13","year":"0","journal-title":"Emory Law J"},{"key":"ref14","volume":"24","year":"0","journal-title":"Emory Int Law Rev"},{"key":"ref15","year":"0","journal-title":"The Communications Act of 1934 codified at 47 U S C § 151 et seq"},{"key":"ref82","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Use of the Carterfone Device in Message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission 1968 p 423"},{"key":"ref16","year":"0","journal-title":"CommLaw Conspectus"},{"key":"ref81","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Use of the Carterfone device in message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission 1968 p 423–424"},{"key":"ref17","year":"0"},{"key":"ref84","year":"0","journal-title":"Contrived Competition Regulation and Deregulation in America"},{"key":"ref18","year":"0"},{"key":"ref83","year":"0","journal-title":"Supreme Court Econ Rev"},{"key":"ref19","year":"0"},{"key":"ref80","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Use of the Carterfone device in message Toll Tel Serv 13 F C C 2d 420 Federal Communications Commission 1968 p 423 425"},{"key":"ref89","year":"0","journal-title":"Problems of Personal Life"},{"key":"ref4","year":"0","journal-title":"See"},{"key":"ref3","year":"0","journal-title":"See"},{"key":"ref6","year":"0","journal-title":"The Death of a Monopoly"},{"key":"ref5","year":"0","journal-title":"Open Standards and the Digital Age"},{"key":"ref85","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Telerent Leasing Corp 45 F C C 2d 204 Federal Communications Commission 1974 p 205 ¶ 5"},{"key":"ref8","year":"0","journal-title":"Telecom Crash Course"},{"key":"ref86","year":"0","journal-title":"Contrived Competition Regulation and Deregulation in America"},{"key":"ref49","year":"0","journal-title":"In re Hush-A-Phone 22 F C C 112 Federal Communications Commission 1957 pp 112–113 ¶ 2"},{"key":"ref7","year":"0","journal-title":"The Master Switch The Rise and Fall of Information Empires"},{"key":"ref87","year":"0","journal-title":"The Future of the Internet And How to Stop It"},{"key":"ref88","year":"0","journal-title":"Commentaries on the Law of 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