{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:54:13Z","timestamp":1780480453172,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Comput. Intell. Mag."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/mci.2015.2471196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,13]],"date-time":"2015-10-13T18:49:09Z","timestamp":1444762149000},"page":"12-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":663,"title":["Learning in Nonstationary Environments: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Ditzler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Roveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Alippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robi","family":"Polikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2008.2003998"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2041"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-009-5152-4"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"1041","article-title":"Domain adaptation with multiple sources","author":"mansour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Advances Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"985","article-title":"Covariate shift adaptation by importance weighted cross validation","volume":"8","author":"sugiyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-5-r50"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16184-1_1"},{"key":"ref35","author":"oza","year":"2001","journal-title":"On-line ensemble learning"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1433","article-title":"An empirical analysis of domain adaptation algorithms for genomic sequence analysis","author":"schweikert","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Advances Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262017091.001.0001"},{"key":"ref27","author":"qui\u00f1onero-candela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dataset Shift in Machine Learning"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1433","article-title":"Direct importance estimation with model selection and its application to covariate shift adaptation","author":"sugiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"ref20","author":"bifet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adaptive learning and mining for data streams and frequent patterns"},{"key":"ref22","author":"bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116900"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1991.155292"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262033589.001.0001"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2008.119"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/inco.1994.1009"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1007730.1007733"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/72.159059"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2008.2000082"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2010.5596537"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/TECH.2011.10069"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/00224065.2003.11980233","article-title":"The changepoint model for statistical process control","volume":"35","author":"hawkins","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Qual Technol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-75488-6_27"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early drift detection method","author":"baena-garc\u00eda","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery from Data Streams"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2009.5178619"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Concept drift detection through resampling","author":"harel","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 31st Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2005.05.005"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2012.6252540"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2009.5178799"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2013.109"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2014.2326099"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"The problem of concept drift: Definitions and related work","volume":"106","author":"tsymbal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tech Rep"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Massive Data Analysis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/319950.323230"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS.2006.1693942"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2523813"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/956863.956970"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIDUE.2011.5948491"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012088469-8.50019-X"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11893318_7"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2007.9"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972771.42"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28645-5_29"},{"key":"ref44","volume":"104","author":"basseville","year":"1993","journal-title":"Detection of Abrupt Changes Theory and Application"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2239309"},{"key":"ref127","first-page":"1601","article-title":"MOA: Massive online analysis","volume":"11","author":"bifet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2011.6033600"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2013.6706906"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2277712"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"607","article-title":"On biased reservoir sampling in the presence of stream evolution","author":"aggarwal","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 32nd Int Conf Very Large Data Bases"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3147.3165"},{"key":"ref129","first-page":"384","article-title":"A framework for generating data to simulate changing environments","author":"narasimhamurthy","year":"0","journal-title":"Proceedings of IASTED Artificial Intelligence and Applications"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-2004-8305","article-title":"Learning drifting concepts: Example selection vs. example weighting","volume":"8","author":"klinkenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intell Data Anal"},{"key":"ref128","first-page":"149","article-title":"SAMOA: Scalable advanced massive online analysis","volume":"16","author":"morales","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/773153.773175"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502512.502529"},{"key":"ref130","first-page":"340","article-title":"A comparison of ensemble and case-base maintenance techniques for handling concept drift in spam filtering","author":"delany","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.07.017"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78568-2_17"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/347090.347107"},{"key":"ref133","first-page":"15","article-title":"Graph-based consensus maximization among multiple supervised and unsupervised models","volume":"25","author":"gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowledge Discovery and Data Eng"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2623330.2623676"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"843","article-title":"Change with delayed labeling: When is it detectable?","author":"\u017eliobait\u00e9","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Data Mining Workshops"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2007.11.003"},{"key":"ref132","first-page":"585","article-title":"Graph-based consensus maximization among multiple supervised and unsupervised models","author":"gao","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Advances Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2005.05.005"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177731118"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37456-2_39"},{"key":"ref61","author":"armitage","year":"1975","journal-title":"Sequential Medical Trials"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-013-5433-9"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2014.2345382"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2011.05.012"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2011.6033600"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2014.6889452"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2011.6033426"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2014.2326100"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"101","article-title":"Gradual forgetting for adaptation to concept drift","author":"koychev","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ECAI Workshop Current Issues in Spatio-Temporal Reasoning '00"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2014.2350953"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2014.2345380"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2009.5178779"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2013.2259203"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2010.5596538"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"736","article-title":"An incremental learning framework for concept drift and class imbalance","author":"ditzler","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Joint Conf Neural Networks"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2012.136"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2010.36"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12530-010-9021-y"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2013.2251352"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2009.5178874"},{"key":"ref90","first-page":"2755","article-title":"Dynamic weighted majority: An ensemble method for drifting concepts","volume":"8","author":"kolter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611973440.83"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972771.1"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2010.5596670"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2012.6252494"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Dealing with concept drift and class imbalance in multi-label stream classification","author":"xioufis","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Joint Conf Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Learning from imbalanced data","volume":"12","author":"he","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Knowledge Discovery and Data Eng"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","article-title":"SMOTE: Synthetic minority over-sampling technique","volume":"16","author":"chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"507","article-title":"ELLA: An efficient lifelong learning algorithm","author":"ruvolo","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Machine Learning"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"33","article-title":"Scalable lifelong learning with active task selection","author":"ruvolo","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2011.2160459"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05278-6"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2015.7280850"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-1115-1-5"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.983933"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1557019.1557041"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2010.125"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-25966-4_1"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(88)90021-4"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2012.2236570"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.004919"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2006.11.002"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/1061860032544"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2014.6889909"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2011.47"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-05224-8_4"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIDUE.2013.6595773"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2133803.2184450"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2011.6033578"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972764.29"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.12.064"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012722442-8\/50016-1"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2011.03.019"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"205","article-title":"Online nonstationary boosting","author":"pocock","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Third Int'l Workshop Multiple Classifier Systems"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2012.07.007"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24800-9_22"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2012.6252541"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.156"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2011.58"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/502512.502568"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"53","article-title":"An ensemble classifier for drifting concepts","author":"scholz","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc of the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Data Streams"}],"container-title":["IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/10207\/7296708\/07296710.pdf?arnumber=7296710","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T16:46:14Z","timestamp":1642005974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7296710\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mci.2015.2471196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-603X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-603X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}}}