{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:46:19Z","timestamp":1771515979629,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Intell. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/mis.2025.3568209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T13:43:08Z","timestamp":1746711788000},"page":"29-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leveraging Large Language Models for Autonomous Cyber Defense: Insights from CAGE-2 Simulations"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7442-3585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamoun","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence and Security Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4526-5331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8244-562X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell","family":"Kiely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"APT40 advisory: PRC MSS tradecraft in action","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"SVR cyber actors adapt tactics for initial cloud access","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0012391800003636"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"On autonomous agents in a cyber defense environment","author":"Kiely","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"CybORG: A gym for the development of autonomous cyber agents","author":"Standen","year":"2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref6","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"11,809","article-title":"Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models","volume-title":"Proc. 37th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"36","author":"Yao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"PaLM-E: An embodied multimodal language model","author":"Driess","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"38,154","article-title":"HuggingGPT: Solving AI tasks with chatgpt and its friends in hugging face","volume-title":"Proc. 37th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"36","author":"Yongliang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"LLM agents can autonomously exploit one-day vulnerabilities","author":"Fang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"Found means fixed: Introducing code scanning autofix, powered by GitHub Copilot and CodeQL","author":"Tempel","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Microsoft defender research team: CyberBattleSim","author":"Seifet","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"OpenAI gym","author":"Brockman","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume-title":"Proc. 34th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"LLaMA: Open and efficient foundation language models","author":"Touvron","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Optimal defender strategies for CAGE-2 using causal modeling and tree search","author":"Hammar","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models","author":"Yao","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["IEEE Intelligent Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9670\/11123505\/10991969.pdf?arnumber=10991969","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T17:37:16Z","timestamp":1755106636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10991969\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mis.2025.3568209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-1672","1941-1294"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-1672","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-1294","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}}}