{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T14:36:04Z","timestamp":1785249364641,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006133","name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AR0000796"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AR0000796"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Intell. Transport. Syst. Mag."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/mits.2019.2953526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T19:43:11Z","timestamp":1584733391000},"page":"87-102","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Enhanced Mobility With Connectivity and Automation: A Review of Shared Autonomous Vehicle Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liuhui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas A.","family":"Malikopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"12","article-title":"The impact of autonomous vehicles on cities","author":"rodoulis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journ Sharing Urban Transp Sol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2015.7171122"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2015.392"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2865561"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.07.022"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2018.07.013"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Autonomous carsharing\/taxi pathways","author":"shaheen","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc TRB Automated Vehicles Symp"},{"key":"ref36","author":"malikopoulos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Real-time Self-learning Identification and Stochastic Optimal Control of Advanced Powertrain Systems"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4000819"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2008-01-1367"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2600504"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2019.8814759"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2018.03.056"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805770115"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECF.2011.6093130"},{"key":"ref21","author":"shaheen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mobility on demand Operational concept report"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.04.003"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2324-08"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.07.757"},{"key":"ref26","author":"litman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autonomous Vehicle Implementation Predictions Implications for Transport Planning"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.05.003"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.06.015"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2017.09.005"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2017-01-1276"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118758630"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.10.018"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3846\/16484142.2017.1347827"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2017.01.003"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtst.2017.05.005"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"Mobility impacts of automated driving and shared mobility: Explorative model and case study of the province of North-Holland","author":"snelder","year":"0","journal-title":"Transportation Research Board 98th Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"Embedding autonomous vehicle sharing in a public transit system: Example of last-mile problem","author":"shen","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2018.04.004"},{"key":"ref147","article-title":"Optimization of ride sharing systems using event-driven receding horizon control","author":"chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref148","author":"h\u00f6rl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Implementation of an autonomous taxi service in a multi-modal traffic simulation using MATSim"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9811-1"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Shared automated vehicles: Review of business models","author":"stocker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Roundtable on Cooperative Mobility Systems and Automated Driving"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60934-8_12"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2857208"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-51168-9_54"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-017-9802-2"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCSP.2018.8402651"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1443178"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci2020033"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2016.05.003"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2017.1291351"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.42.4.573"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3117200"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to shared mobility and enabling technologies"},{"key":"ref5","author":"shaheen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shared Mobility Current Practices and Guiding Principles"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2015.12.001"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01441647.2018.1450307"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.20.2.2"},{"key":"ref7","author":"cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planning for Shared Mobility"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ACC.2019.8815099"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj9010015"},{"key":"ref9","author":"feigon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Shared mobility and the transformation of public transit"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2013.12.001"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33926-4_64"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2017.03.035"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.04.121"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94896-6_12"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2148\/benv.42.4.589"},{"key":"ref44","author":"burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transforming personal mobility"},{"key":"ref43","author":"ford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shared autonomous taxis implementing an efficient alternative to automobile dependency"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794194"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-016-9729-z"},{"key":"ref125","article-title":"Sharing is caring: Dynamic autonomous vehicle fleet operations under demand surges","author":"hyland","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.04.006"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05990-7_20"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364915581863"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2018.05.008"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2015.7172070"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"Impacts of shared autonomous taxis in a metropolitan area","author":"burghout","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"47","article-title":"Shared autonomous vehicles: A review considering car sharing and autonomous vehicles","volume":"5","author":"hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Transport Studies"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2016.08.020"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8460966"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2651-09"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45854-9_19"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2015.7171123"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198118758048"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2016.05.006"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.06.020"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2015.07.006"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2017.12.045"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8969353"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2016.03.002"},{"key":"ref135","article-title":"An optimization model of automated taxis in trip assignment under elastic demand for the first\/last mile problem","author":"liang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc HEART 2018"},{"key":"ref138","article-title":"Integrated mode choice and dynamic traveler assignment-simulation framework to assess the impact of a suburban first-mile shared autonomous vehicle fleet service on transit demand","author":"pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp Res Rec"},{"key":"ref137","author":"rigole","year":"2014","journal-title":"Study of a shared autonomous vehicles based mobility solution in stockholm"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.12.646"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317830"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"51","article-title":"Driving alone versus riding together-how shared autonomous vehicles can change the way we drive","volume":"25","author":"davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Road Transp Res"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2572-05"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18757\/ejtir.2013.13.3.2999"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.05.028"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtst.2017.05.004"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2013.08.012"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.04.022"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39120-5_24"},{"key":"ref142","article-title":"The performance and benefits of a shared autonomous vehicles based dynamic ridesharing system: An agent-based simulation approach","author":"zhang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2665-01"},{"key":"ref143","first-page":"1","article-title":"Uncongested mobility for all: A proposal for an area wide autonomous taxi system in New Jersey","author":"zachariah","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17645\/up.v2i2.931"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000469"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3117202"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rtbm.2018.10.005"},{"key":"ref145","first-page":"475","article-title":"An online mechanism for ridesharing in autonomous mobility-on-demand systems","author":"shen","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 25th Int Joint Conf Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-16)"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2015.2504518"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364912444766"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/infor.45.3.123"},{"key":"ref108","article-title":"Shared-vehicle mobility-on-demand systems: A fleet operator&#x2019;s guide to rebalancing empty vehicles","author":"spieser","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1030.0073"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317908"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2017.10.011"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487272"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0095-1"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2019.1578108"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2536-12"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adapting carsharing vehicle relocation strategies for shared autonomous electric vehicle services","author":"brendel","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 38th Int Conf Information Systems"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2542-13"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2013.2267810"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2014.2304358"},{"key":"ref111","first-page":"1","article-title":"The interplay between fleet size, level of service and empty vehicle repositioning strategies in large-scale, shared-ride autonomous taxi mobility-on-demand scenarios","author":"zhu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/20168101005"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.02.020"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.08.022"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-25524-8_2"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.08.015"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1090.0301"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5038\/2375-0901.21.1.8"},{"key":"ref11","author":"santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"One-way carsharing systems Real-time optimization of staff movements and operations"},{"key":"ref12","author":"martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Impacts of car2go on Vehicle Ownership Modal Shift Vehicle Miles Traveled and Greenhouse Gas Emissions An Analysis of Five North American Cities"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en4112094"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2158539"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2014.09.005"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04732"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.05.012"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364918780335"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2019.01.025"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1791-16"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-018-9750-5"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60934-8_13"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ECC.2015.7330627"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.06.024"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2018.1493883"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317947"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"Relocating strategies under parking constraints for a fleet of shared automated vehicles","author":"winter","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc HEART 2018"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MTITS.2017.8005630"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.01.019"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2416-09"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4034471"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.01.011"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2542-09"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.12.066"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2017.01.155"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317603"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2015.7171999"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIS.2015.7274567"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2564-03"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2869085"}],"container-title":["IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5117645\/9679479\/09043473.pdf?arnumber=9043473","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T17:59:50Z","timestamp":1649440790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9043473\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mits.2019.2953526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1390","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-1197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}