{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T16:01:14Z","timestamp":1776182474176,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Intell. Transport. Syst. Mag."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/mits.2019.2953556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T02:11:36Z","timestamp":1585015896000},"page":"6-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Ethical Decision Making in Autonomous Vehicles: Challenges and Research Progress"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Vehicle and MobilityTsinghua University"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Khajepour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Waterloo"}]},{"given":"Dongpu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","volume":"118","author":"renda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Searching for harm or harming search? A look at the European Commission&#x2019;s antitrust investigation against Google"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460276.2460278"},{"key":"ref71","author":"rawls","year":"2009","journal-title":"A Theory of Justice"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025598106257"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-04158-5"},{"key":"ref39","author":"asimov","year":"1950","journal-title":"I Robot"},{"key":"ref38","author":"lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf9534"},{"key":"ref32","year":"0"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf2654"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"The ethics of autonomous cars","volume":"8","author":"lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atlantic"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2609339"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-10704-7"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32560-1_2"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-018-0020-x"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2010.940152"},{"key":"ref62","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMVI-Ethics commission on automated and connected driving"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29007\/mgcs"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303628"},{"key":"ref28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal&#x2013;vehicle collision data collection"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"26","article-title":"Section 11: Ethical considerations","year":"2016","journal-title":"Federal Automated Vehicles Policy Accelerating the Next Revolution in Roadway Safety"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Ethics and autonomous cars: Why ethics matters, and how to think about it","author":"lin","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref65","year":"2017","journal-title":"On our way towards connected and automated driving in Europe"},{"key":"ref66","author":"pillath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Briefing Automated vehicles in the EU"},{"key":"ref29","author":"curtis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reducing deer&#x2013;vehicle crashes"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2788477"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"On a formal model of safe and scalable self-driving cars","author":"shalev-shwartz","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"SGD learns over-parameterized networks that provably generalize on linearly separable data","author":"brutzkus","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-016-9806-x"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0202-6"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"What the first driverless car fatality means for self-driving tech","volume":"1","author":"deamer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"European Union regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a &#x2018;right to explanation&#x2019;","author":"goodman","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2016.7473149"},{"key":"ref24","author":"marcus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Moral machines"},{"key":"ref23","author":"lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"The ethics of saving lives with autonomous cars are far murkier than you think"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"7","article-title":"Vehicle automation and the duty to act","author":"goodall","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 21st World Congr Intelligent Transport Systems"},{"key":"ref25","author":"goodall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autonomous car ethics Interview with CBC radio"},{"key":"ref50","author":"maurer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autonomous Driving"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-007-9380-x"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139046855.020"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Explain it to me again, computer","author":"arbesman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Slate"},{"key":"ref57","author":"batavia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Applying advanced learning algorithms to alvinn"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35506-6_12"},{"key":"ref55","author":"wallach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Moral Machines Teaching Robots Right from Wrong"},{"key":"ref54","author":"russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach"},{"key":"ref53","author":"russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400822935"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"&#x2018;Driverless&#x2019; beer run; Bud makes shipment with self-driving truck","author":"lebeau","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNBC"},{"key":"ref11","author":"devore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Which countries are testing driverless cars?"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"94","article-title":"Runaround","volume":"29","author":"asimov","year":"1942","journal-title":"Astounding Science Fiction"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2018.2873921"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2008.4795572"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2489-15"},{"key":"ref15","author":"arras","year":"2005","journal-title":"Do We Want to Share Our Lives and Bodies With Robots? A 2000-People Survey"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"The problem of abortion and the doctrine of double effect","volume":"5","author":"foot","year":"1967","journal-title":"Oxford Rev"},{"key":"ref17","author":"ackerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"People want driverless cars with utilitarian ethics unless they&#x2019;re a passenger"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2017.2684917"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11572-017-9411-3"},{"key":"ref4","author":"bertoncello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ten ways autonomous driving could redefine the automotive world"},{"key":"ref3","author":"singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Critical Reasons for Crashes Investigated in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.6.784"},{"key":"ref5","author":"lafrance","year":"2015","journal-title":"Self-Driving Cars Could Save 300 000 Lives Per Decade in America"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2016","journal-title":"About Uber ATG"},{"key":"ref7","year":"0","journal-title":"Waymo FAQ"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45854-9_5"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pittsburgh your self-driving Uber is arriving now"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1029-2"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Towards machine ethics","author":"anderson","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc AAAI-04 Workshop on Agent Organizations Theory and Practice"},{"key":"ref48","author":"wallach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Moral Machines Teaching Robots Right from Wrong"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1941-6008.1014"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/2424-07"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0199252653.001.0001"},{"key":"ref44","author":"driver","year":"2009","journal-title":"The history of utilitarianism"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"333","article-title":"21 Moral machines and the threat of ethical nihilism","author":"beavers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Robot Ethics the Ethical and Social Implications of Robotics"}],"container-title":["IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5117645\/9679479\/09044647.pdf?arnumber=9044647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T22:11:14Z","timestamp":1653948674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9044647\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mits.2019.2953556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1390","1941-1197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1390","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-1197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}