{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T16:14:36Z","timestamp":1783700076569,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Robot. Automat. Mag."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/mra.2014.2381368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,12]],"date-time":"2015-03-12T18:43:46Z","timestamp":1426185826000},"page":"106-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Lock Your Robot: A Review of Locking Devices in Robotics"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michiel","family":"Plooij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"Mathijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Cherelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Lefeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Vanderborght","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02984262"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01439910310457706"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509729"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/19\/3\/035029"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Piezoelectric brake device","author":"yamatoh","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Actuator having piezoelectric braking element","author":"hanley","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2004.1307169"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2014.2307122"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913509858"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/act2030059"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649922067726"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.1999.786424"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2013.6650418"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2011.5975342"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2009.5420680"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/55170"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2991143"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2014.6935581"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Design principles for miniature rotary-wing hybrid-locomotion robots","author":"kossett","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5979845"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/mer.v3n1p130"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2009.10.013"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.precisioneng.2006.03.001"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2006.1639101"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2010.5626778"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980332"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6697149"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTIC.2006.1627127"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BioRob.2012.6290722"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2013.6650352"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/026708304225019867"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/1464420011545012"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2007.364113"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107799","article-title":"Efficient bipedal robots based on passive-dynamic walkers","volume":"307","author":"collins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"4344","article-title":"Energy-efficient motion planning for mobile robots","volume":"5","author":"mei","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc of the IEEE Intl Conf on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009307"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2007.380639"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2005.1570404"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6697086"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Running robot phides","author":"karssen","year":"0"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2014.6943114"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2012.6225255"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmachtheory.2010.05.008"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2008.4543774"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6696375"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2011.6095006"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2012.6385488"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2010.2059034"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2013.08.008"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2008.4762899"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOROB.2010.5627030"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"92","article-title":"An experimental characterization of a 1-DOF anthropomorphic arm for humanoid robots","author":"gu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 13th World Scientific Engineering Academy Society Int Conf Computers"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1995.525630"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2011.01.001"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2305664"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364908095333"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"61","article-title":"Stance control for above-knee artificial legs&#x2013;design considerations in the S-N-S knee","volume":"10","author":"mauch","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull Prosthet Res"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"493","article-title":"Port-based modeling and optimal control for a new very versatile energy efficient actuator","author":"gerelli","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 9th Int Federation Automatic Control Symp Robot Control"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1989.100066"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364907085557"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2010.937859"},{"key":"ref15","author":"bickford","year":"1972","journal-title":"Mechanisms for Intermittent Motion"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2012.2203791"},{"key":"ref16","author":"martin","year":"1974","journal-title":"M&#x00E9;canismes a Mouvements Intermittents"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Bi-stable brake","author":"parmerlee","year":"1973"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203026236"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5980276"},{"key":"ref18","author":"sclater","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices Sourcebook"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Statically balanced brakes: Concept and realization","author":"plooij","year":"2014","journal-title":"submitted for publication"},{"key":"ref19","author":"reuleaux","year":"1893","journal-title":"The Constructor"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2010.5509971"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2008.4651195"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-010-0039-3"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2004.05.003"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364907084588"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2008.927697"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2282416"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2008.915453"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"The AMP-foot 3-New generation propulsive prosthetic feet with explosive motion characteristics-Design and validation","author":"cherelle","year":"2014","journal-title":"submitted for publication"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2013.6697155"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2004.1307425"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.12.013"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2013.6631216"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2013.06.009"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6906988"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.1995.525828"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAT.2011.6102087"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25486-4_40"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2001.933136"},{"key":"ref41","year":"2015","journal-title":"Home"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364914545673"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRDS.2002.1041671"}],"container-title":["IEEE Robotics &amp; Automation Magazine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/100\/7059262\/07059366.pdf?arnumber=7059366","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T15:59:55Z","timestamp":1642003195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7059366\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/mra.2014.2381368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1070-9932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1070-9932","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}}}