{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T05:56:11Z","timestamp":1778392571598,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Intel Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1640081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1640081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002418","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation Early Postdoc Mobility Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2ZHP2_164960"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2ZHP2_164960"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110124\/Z\/15\/Z]"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110124\/Z\/15\/Z]"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Signal Process. Mag."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/msp.2019.2931595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,5]],"date-time":"2019-11-05T20:49:02Z","timestamp":1572986942000},"page":"51-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1281,"title":["Surrogate Gradient Learning in Spiking Neural Networks: Bringing the Power of Gradient-Based Optimization to Spiking Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0332-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre O.","family":"Neftci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-0182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Friedemann","family":"Zenke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2016.07.006"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Direct feedback alignment provides learning in deep neural networks","author":"n\u00f8kland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in Neural IInformation Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(01)00658-0"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00508"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00324"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Spiking deep networks with LIF neurons","author":"hunsberger","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13276"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Deep networks incorporating spiking neural dynamics","author":"woz\u00b4niak","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Temporally efficient deep learning with spikes","author":"o\u2019connor","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"3227","article-title":"Supervised learning based on temporal coding in spiking neural networks","volume":"29","author":"mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01827-3"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00608"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2017.33"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107447615"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1419","article-title":"SLAYER: Spike layer error reassignment in time","author":"shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Neural IInformation Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.2.270"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Biologically inspired alternatives to backpropagation through time for learning in recurrent neural nets","author":"bellec","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Binarized neural networks: Training deep neural networks with weights and activations constrained to +1 or ?1","author":"courbariaux","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Estimating or propagating gradients through stochastic neurons for conditional computation","author":"bengio","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1604850113"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21735-7_8"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2014.00038"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity for deep continuous local learning","author":"kaiser","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4098-12.2013"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"795","article-title":"Long short-term memory and learning-to-learn in networks of spiking neurons","author":"bellec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Neural IInformation Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.01.004"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01080"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2018.12.002"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2015.7280618"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.026"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01086"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.28295"},{"key":"ref1","author":"goodfellow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Deep Learning"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1412","article-title":"SLAYER: Spike layer error reassignment in time","volume":"31","author":"shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Gradient descent for spiking neural networks","author":"huh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Neural IInformation Processing Systems"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4241"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.6.1318"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01827-3"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0901_7"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.22901"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00790"}],"container-title":["IEEE Signal Processing Magazine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/79\/8887548\/8891809-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/79\/8887548\/08891809.pdf?arnumber=8891809","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T21:07:36Z","timestamp":1657746456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8891809\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/msp.2019.2931595","relation":{},"ISSN":["1053-5888","1558-0792"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1053-5888","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0792","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}}}