{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T23:50:23Z","timestamp":1740181823862,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2022YFE0111900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFE0111900"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["CNS-2107216","CNS-2128368","CMMI-2222810","ECCS-2302469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2107216","CNS-2128368","CMMI-2222810","ECCS-2302469"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004405","name":"Toyota Motor Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Amazon"},{"name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Adopting Sustainable Partnerships for Innovative Research Ecosystem","award":["JPMJAP2326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJAP2326"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2024.3455769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T18:42:50Z","timestamp":1725648170000},"page":"5782-5798","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Harnessing Tullock Contests and Signaling Games: A Novel Weight Assignment Strategy for Ethereum 2.0"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7350-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Mawunyo","family":"Doe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&#x0026;M University, Prairie View, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0075-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusit","family":"Niyato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Jurong West, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architectural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6239-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9887-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5241-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Ubiquitous Data Enabling Key Lab, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","volume-title":"Proc. Decentralized Bus. Rev.","author":"Nakamoto","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3205230.3205238"},{"volume-title":"Proof of stake instead of proof of work","year":"2011","key":"ref3"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"1","article-title":"PPCoin: Peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake","volume":"19","author":"King","year":"2012","journal-title":"Self-Publ. Paper"},{"volume-title":"Ethereum Virtual Machine","year":"2021","key":"ref5"},{"volume-title":"Ethereum whitepaper","year":"2021","author":"Buterin","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Casper the friendly finality gadget","author":"Buterin","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1710.09437"},{"volume-title":"Eth 2.0 economics","year":"2021","key":"ref8"},{"volume-title":"Nodes and Clients: Ryancreatescopy","year":"2020","key":"ref9"},{"volume-title":"Running an Ethereum node","year":"2021","key":"ref10"},{"volume-title":"Amazon Managed Blockchain Pricing","year":"2021","key":"ref11"},{"volume-title":"Running a full node","year":"2021","key":"ref12"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-018-9876-1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00008"},{"volume-title":"What is dash?","year":"2021","author":"Group","key":"ref15"},{"volume-title":"Reddcoin white paper","year":"2021","author":"Ren","key":"ref16"},{"volume-title":"Tezo white paper","year":"2021","author":"Goodman","key":"ref17"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79182-9_6"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/261010"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.05.006"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2018.01.023"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2023.105616"},{"volume-title":"Eth2 beacon chain deposits","year":"2021","key":"ref23"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/gsm\/058"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3219819.3220052"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11238-018-9682-8"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jet.2013.10.009"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1885060"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3087478"},{"volume-title":"A next-generation smart contract and decentralized application platform","year":"2019","author":"Buterin","key":"ref30"},{"volume-title":"Tezos\u2014A self-amending crypto-ledger white paper","year":"2014","author":"Goodman","key":"ref31"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS53918.2021.00012"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/8782661\/10362961\/10668813-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8782661\/10362961\/10668813.pdf?arnumber=10668813","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T06:37:33Z","timestamp":1726727853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10668813\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":32,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcoms.2024.3455769","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-125X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2644-125X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}