{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:55:03Z","timestamp":1783007703997,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar National Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSRA7-1-0510-20045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSRA7-1-0510-20045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"Knut and Alice Wallenberg (KAW) Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019779","name":"Qatar National Library","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2025.3577016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T13:39:24Z","timestamp":1749130764000},"page":"5050-5071","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["LLMs Have Rhythm: Fingerprinting Large Language Models Using Inter-Token Times and Network Traffic Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7884-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeif","family":"Alhazbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4732-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Networked Systems Security Group, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Oligeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3267-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panos","family":"Papadimitratos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Networked Systems Security Group, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Brown"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"LLaMA: Open and efficient foundation language models","author":"Touvron","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2302.13971"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"On-device LLMs for SMEs: Challenges and opportunities","author":"Yee","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.16070"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"17061","article-title":"A watermark for large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Kirchenbauer"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp61157.2025.00178"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Your large language models are leaving fingerprints","author":"McGovern","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.14057"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"LLMmap: Fingerprinting for large language models","author":"Pasquini","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.15847"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Hide and seek: Fingerprinting large language models with evolutionary learning","author":"Iourovitski","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.02871"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"A survey of large language models","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.18223"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"A neural probabilistic language model","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"13","author":"Bengio"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv:1301.3781"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hcc.2024.100211"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3712001"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"On protecting the data privacy of large language models (LLMs): A survey","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.05156"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Privacy issues in large language models: A survey","author":"Neel","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2312.06717"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Can AI-generated text be reliably detected?","author":"Sadasivan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.11156"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISQED60706.2024.10528736"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Hey, that\u2019s my model! introducing chain & hash, an LLM fingerprinting technique","author":"Russinovich","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.10887"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-long.180"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.324"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36763-2_4"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Gemma 2: Improving open language models at a practical size","author":"Team","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.00118"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Granite 3.0 language models","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Mistral 7B","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.06825"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref28","first-page":"3","article-title":"Phi-2: The surprising power of small language models","volume":"1","author":"Javaheripi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microsoft Res. Blog"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Phi-3 technical report: A highly capable language model locally on your phone","volume-title":"arXiv:2404.14219","author":"Abdin","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2024.107603"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2019.2940675"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Wireshark, Git v4.2.2 Packaged as 4.2.2-1.1build3 (Linux Build)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3457904"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.09.009"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800819"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68884-4_10"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3343189"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.02.016"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3446776"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8782661\/10829557\/11026013.pdf?arnumber=11026013","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T23:22:09Z","timestamp":1752103329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11026013\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcoms.2025.3577016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-125X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2644-125X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}