{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T04:40:05Z","timestamp":1756356005807,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Council of Finland through the Projects ECO-NEWS and SOLID"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2025.3584701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T13:43:21Z","timestamp":1751377401000},"page":"5759-5777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ML-Driven Energy Savings for Cellular Baseband Units via Traffic Prediction"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-1462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Kolackova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1787-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viet","family":"Anh Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9487-5024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Jerabek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8223-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Andreev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Electrical Engineering, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8382-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Hosek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3386872"},{"volume-title":"Green Future Networks\u2014Sustainability Challenges and Initiatives in Mobile Networks","year":"2021","key":"ref2"},{"volume-title":"A holistic study of power consumption and energy savings strategies for open vRAN systems","year":"2023","key":"ref3"},{"volume-title":"5G power Whitepaper","year":"2019","key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icc42927.2021.9500323"},{"volume-title":"Green future networks: Metering in virtualised RAN infrastructure","year":"2024","key":"ref6"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"25678","article-title":"A survey on 5G radio access network energy efficiency: Massive MIMO, lean carrier design, sleep modes, and machine learning","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3421633"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enhancing energy efficiency in BBUs: Predictive analysis with long-term and granular data","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Adv. Eng. Theory Appl.","author":"Kolackova"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3056222"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1995","article-title":"Dueling network architectures for deep reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Int. Conf. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"48","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3204846"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC54725.2025.10976108"},{"volume-title":"Management and Orchestration; Performance Assurance","year":"2018","key":"ref15"},{"issue":"22","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7402","DOI":"10.3390\/s24227402","article-title":"Energy efficiency for 5G and beyond 5G: Potential, limitations, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Ichimescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029903"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2017.2720898"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WAMICON.2017.7930242"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Toward greener 5G and beyond radio access networks: A survey","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3416947"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icnc47757.2020.9049673"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEICT62016.2024.10534471"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108567","article-title":"A survey on sleep mode techniques for ultra-dense networks in 5G and beyond","volume":"201","author":"Salahdine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/ijwmc.2025.143015"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2023.110044"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.07.015","article-title":"Deep mobile traffic forecast and complementary base station clustering for C-RAN optimization","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.05.017","article-title":"Traffic prediction enabled dynamic access points switching for energy saving in dense networks","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digit. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxae003"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2695545"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3322047"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3514785"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500265"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC42927.2021.9500721"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2023.3337854"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"PPO-EPO: Energy and performance optimization for O-RAN using reinforcement learning","author":"Ntassah","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.14749"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2021.3120874"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3174089"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3429284"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06466-w"},{"article-title":"Adaptive step-sizes for reinforcement learning","year":"2014","author":"Dabney","key":"ref41"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"4962","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of reinforcement learning algorithms","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Jordan"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781032622736-12"},{"year":"2020","key":"ref44","article-title":"Transport network performance indicators"},{"volume-title":"rApps for more sustainable networks","year":"2025","key":"ref45"},{"volume-title":"5G RAN2.0 KPI Introduction","year":"2023","key":"ref46"},{"article-title":"OAM-PM latency (NSP) report","volume-title":"Nokia","year":"2025","key":"ref47"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mobility modeling and performance evaluation of multi-connectivity in 5G intra-frequency networks","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 87th Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC Spring)","author":"Awada"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-27645-3_1"},{"volume-title":"Environmental Engineering (EE); Metrics and Measurement Method for Energy Efficiency of Wireless Access Network Equipment; Part 1: Power Consumption\u2014Static Measurement Method","year":"2022","key":"ref50"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"2094","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning with double Q-learning","volume-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Intell.","volume":"30","author":"van Hasselt"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"1928","article-title":"Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Mnih"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.23919\/ETR.2022.9911220","article-title":"Improving energy performance in 5G networks and beyond","author":"Andersson","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3510543"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.004.2200482"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8782661\/10829557\/11062659.pdf?arnumber=11062659","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T04:26:21Z","timestamp":1756355181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11062659\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":55,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcoms.2025.3584701","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-125X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2644-125X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}