{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T08:34:54Z","timestamp":1774341294884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19H01101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19H01101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP25K15095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP25K15095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cooperative Research Project Program of the Research Institute of Electrical Communication (RIEC), Tohoku University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2025.3644376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T18:40:49Z","timestamp":1765824049000},"page":"10599-10630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hybrid Semantic-Bit Communications for NTN Downlinks: A Hierarchical Multi-Agent DRL Approach"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frodouard","family":"Minani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9522-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makoto","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6960-0122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Fujihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md.","family":"Abdul Alim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1625-5521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shunsuke","family":"Saruwatari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1537-3459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Nishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Sciences, Hiroshima City University, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3227-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Suita, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921522"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.1900488"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2019.2921208"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45855.2022.9838470"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3199901"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3380817"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2025.3554393"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.011.2100038"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Technical specification group radio access network: Solutions for new radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks (NTN) (Release 17)","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Study on new radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Technical specification group radio access network; study on new radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks, release 15, version 15.0.0","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Solutions for new radio (NR) to support non-terrestrial networks (NTN); release 18","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Starlink Legal","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3418574"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3383604"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107930"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3532797"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2001239"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2400595"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901128"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tccn.2025.3558006"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3468328"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2022.3227723"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3028247"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3071210"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3087240"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2023.3326302"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3221999"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC57788.2023.10233614"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001043"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3318510"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3170849"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2023-Fall60731.2023.10333793"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001594"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3527014"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3390407"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2025.3566081"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3575444"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3365879"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.002.2300460"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901601"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901382"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3578010"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT59356.2023.10419853"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3552303"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3397635"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2024-Spring62846.2024.10683628"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3485582"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3531537"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcomm.2025.3587048"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2025.3609377"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2025.3623157"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2025.3592327"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Attenuation by atmospheric gases and related effects","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2014.2342736"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10437580"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3262305"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2023.3289630"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC45041.2023.10278812"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCMC48092.2020.ICCMC-00069"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.579"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCC62479.2024.10681821"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2022.3210435"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3223224"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3223408"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3330744"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694","article-title":"On information and sufficiency","volume":"22","author":"Kullback","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2982356"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2025.3566092"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-018-0466-9"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3331021"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3521095"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICMU58504.2023.10412216"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40649-021-00086-z"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3387168.3387199"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3468162"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Addressing function approximation error in actor-critic methods","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"80","author":"Fujimoto"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2019.2919300"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2025.3550872"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3428518"},{"key":"ref82","volume-title":"Kodak lossless true color image suite","author":"Franzen","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2918242"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8782661\/10829557\/11300832.pdf?arnumber=11300832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T05:17:30Z","timestamp":1774329450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11300832\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":83,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcoms.2025.3644376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-125X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2644-125X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}