{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:56:40Z","timestamp":1775800600539,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101096328"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101096328"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["101119643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101119643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space","award":["16KIS2357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KIS2357"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space","award":["16KIS2412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KIS2412"]}]},{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space","award":["16KISK038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16KISK038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2026.3673516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T20:40:32Z","timestamp":1773348032000},"page":"3222-3252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Passive Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces for Efficient 6G mmWave Networks: Design, Validation, and Field Trials"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3834-6889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"H\u00e4ger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Communication Networks (ComNets), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8641-0023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keysight Technologies Belgium BV, Rotselaar, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1967-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"B\u00f6cker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Communication Networks (ComNets), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4018-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Schreurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Division WaveCoRE, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7653-2589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Wietfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Communication Networks (ComNets), TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2021.3124812"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/dyspan64764.2025.11115934"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.001.2400060"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2025.3587904"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtc2025-spring65109.2025.11174718"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2024.3366581"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2017.2716924"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2024.3393533"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2022.3195536"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2025.3572723"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/eucap63536.2025.10999305"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2024.3481028"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2020.3024887"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcomm.2022.3231893"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.001.2000256"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26599\/tst.2023.9010001"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eucnc\/6gsummit60053.2024.10597120"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3223447"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.024.2300440"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3267676"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtc2023-fall60731.2023.10333724"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/apmc46564.2019.9038267"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2023.3305053"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mn60932.2024.10615534"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/9781638283157"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.010.2200312"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2025.3571069"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2022.3171921"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2024.3438940"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/vtc2023-spring57618.2023.10200244"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pimrc62392.2025.11275011"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2024.3383216"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"XRifle Reflector","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Reflect Array for 5G","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Metasurface Reflectarray","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icc42927.2021.9500510"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2020.2969751"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wcnc61545.2025.10978634"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"End-to-end experimental validation of RIS and passive reflectors in mmWave 5G systems","author":"Ferreira","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wcnc57260.2024.10570594"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Reflection Instead of Densification: Experimental Insights Into IRS-Aided Industrial 6G mmWave","author":"Danger","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lanman61958.2024.10621891"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52953\/vbex2484"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/metamaterials65622.2025.11174223"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eucnc\/6gsummit58263.2023.10188311"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pimrc54779.2022.9977607"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2024.3428338"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/taes.2020.2987115"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojap.2025.3529505"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/issse.2010.5607063"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3197202"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lawp.2024.3428318"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tap.2022.3209279"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lwc.2025.3542564"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/fnwf66845.2025.11317335"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hybrid activepassive network design enabled by physics-informed ML-based propagation modeling","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE INFOCOM Wkshps.","author":"Geis"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM59602.2025.11432323"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2025.3540926"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wcnc57260.2024.10571319"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2024.3362068"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Mastering the Hype Cycle","author":"Fenn","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mcom.002.2400441"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tsp.2023.3334818"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44172-024-00209-0"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS); Use Cases, Deployment Scenarios and Requirements","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS); Communication Models, Channel Models, Channel Estimation and Evaluation Methodology","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS); Implementation and Practical Considerations","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref68","volume-title":"Evolution of Network Nodes: From IAB to IRS","author":"Gadhai","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref69","volume-title":"Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: Standardization and Testbed Development in India","author":"Kherani","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"Potential StandardizationWork for Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pimrc62392.2025.11275147"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eucnc\/6gsummit63408.2025.11037079"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1","article-title":"Passive reflectors for power-efficient 5G NR urban coverage: Field validation","author":"Ferreira","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11192977"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3361991"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sam53842.2022.9827873"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lcomm.2020.3025345"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/pimrc62392.2025.11274884"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2023.3349155"},{"key":"ref80","volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning","author":"Goldberg","year":"1989"},{"key":"ref81","volume-title":"Introduction to Numerical Analysis","author":"Stoer","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref82","volume-title":"High Frequency Simulation Software (HFSS)","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3616390.3618282"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2023.3272569"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2025.3580602"},{"key":"ref86","volume-title":"F9651A Multi-Probe Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR) Chamber","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref87","volume-title":"N5247B 4-Port PNA-X Network Analyzer","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref88","volume-title":"M9484C VXG Signal Generator","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"1","article-title":"Near-field extension of analytical reflection model for large-scale mmWave IRS geometries in 6G","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE ICC Conf.","author":"H\u00e4ger"},{"key":"ref90","volume-title":"Pilot 6G Site M\u00e1laga","year":"2026"},{"key":"ref91","volume-title":"Nemo Outdoor Drive Test Solution","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eucnc\/6gsummit60053.2024.10597036"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/gcwkshp64532.2024.11100825"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/fnwf66845.2025.11317319"},{"key":"ref95","volume-title":"TSG RAN; NR; Physical Layer Procedures for Data","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref96","volume-title":"TSG RAN; NR; BS Radio Transmission and Reception","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref97","volume-title":"O-RAN WG Use Cases and Overall Architecture; Network Energy Saving Use Cases","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8782661\/11343983\/11432876.pdf?arnumber=11432876","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:04:31Z","timestamp":1775797471000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11432876\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":97,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcoms.2026.3673516","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-125X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2644-125X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}