{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T20:14:12Z","timestamp":1778184852255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2026.3681671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T20:03:36Z","timestamp":1775592216000},"page":"3617-3638","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["LEACH-Based Routing Protocols: Applications, Objectives, and Methodologies"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0206-0950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyman F. A.","family":"Elsmany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Gezira, Wad Madani, Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayada S. A.","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Technical Engineering, Uruk University, Al Karrada, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6886-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd. Adib Hj.","family":"Omar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Altahir Abdalla Altahir","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kampar, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13122268"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2022.3215731"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2445796"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2472970"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","article-title":"Work in Progress: LEACH-based energy efficient routing algorithm for large-scale wireless sensor networks","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Telecommun. Electron. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2666082"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2025.100440"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2000.926982"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jlpea15020019"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eij.2024.100477"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2726014"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-018-1696-1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-019-06993-9"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-020-02260-z"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107376"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2021.100396"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.108974"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-024-11049-8"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7823481"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23167213"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.5349"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2309138"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24113263"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13010605"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"A new DTN routing strategies ensuring high message delivery ratio while keeping low power consumption","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Internet Things"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109049"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109359"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2024.114186"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/asi6040062"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.2986268"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCN.2012.6289252"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCOSS.2012.38"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2025.01.064"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2125-6_14"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2833204"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115055"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24010051"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2018.12.016"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24082647"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksuci.2023.101803"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13081518"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suscom.2019.02.003"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10030089"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75571-2"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072081"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107105"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2020.04.078"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4909-5"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsen.2019.2894899"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPIS63676.2024.10812627"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3182383"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2009.5379900"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2024.101346"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icicct.2018.8473343"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13174-018-0097-0"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICT50816.2021.9358548"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102074"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109027"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.10.026"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCAIoT51063.2020.9345912"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96550-5_2"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23052670"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su15139859"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3269527"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2024.103928"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/smartcities4040071"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8894705"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10723-024-09747-5"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2024.057755"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72959-1_2"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12126234"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpro.2022.104501"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trgeo.2023.100985"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102935"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3436530"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7538190"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082591"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3212728"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2022.3204560"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxener.2024.100219"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12020544"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2017.2784542"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42979-024-03183-8"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICECONF57129.2023.10083738"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2929578"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measen.2023.100941"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jiot.2022.3189832"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.05.030"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0517-4"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.08.031"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-020-02381-5"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071494"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"262","article-title":"Routing protocol enhancement for mobility support in wireless sensor networks","volume-title":"Proc. Ad-hoc","author":"Jinpeng"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4937-1"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041564"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2019.0465"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10791-024-09495-w"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"A cluster based routing for maximizing the lifetime of underwater wireless sensor network using gravitational search algorithm","volume":"25","author":"Shyamsundar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2019.2933052"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2016.7577153"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3732-4"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ChiCC.2016.7554682"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2750-5_22"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2018.10.002"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02608-z"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13673-018-0153-6"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/jcn.2021.000003"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jsan12040050"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072650"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v16i20.31111"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.4904"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/sym15020438"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04758-1"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2809663"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134730"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75904-1"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3582270"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-0951-y"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LISAT.2016.7494136"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2017.08.045"},{"key":"ref122","first-page":"303","article-title":"A cluster-based energy-aware routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks","volume":"53","author":"Shirmohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adhoc Sens. Wireless Netw."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11804-025-00647-y"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2020.102237"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2023.10.016"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2022.101151"},{"key":"ref127","article-title":"Whale optimization based energy-efficient cluster head selection algorithm for wireless sensor networks","author":"Jadhav","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1711.09389"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WITS.2019.8723845"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249921"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-017-1648-1"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204579"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.103806"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2020.3034607"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tgcn.2021.3067885"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-020-04616-1"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-020-00654-0"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34382"},{"key":"ref138","first-page":"51","article-title":"Multi objective energy efficient stability based clustering protocol in WSN","volume":"56","author":"Muthuselvi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adhoc Sens. Wireless Netw."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11070989"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsm.2024.02.001"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07167-8"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102616"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tr.2020.2972567"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e02008"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8782661\/11343983\/11475727.pdf?arnumber=11475727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T19:55:58Z","timestamp":1778183758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11475727\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":144,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcoms.2026.3681671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-125X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2644-125X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}