{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T07:13:54Z","timestamp":1779347634118,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) through Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Program","award":["12N274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12N274"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcoms.2026.3693056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T20:01:03Z","timestamp":1778788863000},"page":"5193-5213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Waste Factor in Backscatter Communications: Fundamentals, Potentials, and Future Challenges"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ghalya Saleh","family":"Batis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maram","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6396-6499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5123-5139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasir","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2021.3061701"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900287"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icte.2022.06.006"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3243918"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2000156"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3436082"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3573745"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2400204"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Eco-friendly 0G networks: Unlocking the power of backscatter communications for a greener future","author":"Javaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.13440"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2400127"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2021.3095792"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2021.3090836"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/wss2.12094"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3431459"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","first-page":"54","article-title":"Waste figure and waste factor: New metrics for evaluating power efficiency in any circuit or cascade","volume":"67","author":"Rappaport","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microw. J."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44459-025-00001-2"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10900955"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.005.2200083"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10436843"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3044849"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2623703"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2841964"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3237941"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2661262"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2550338"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3278239"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.010.2400061"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3419791"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3142532"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSSC.2018.8645227"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3435716"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902072"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1464420.1464425"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2490540"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.5783984"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2367592"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3072061"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"A novel energy efficiency metric for next generation wireless communication networks","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2210.02883"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.011713.112157"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2024.3464414"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.array.2026.100714"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-016-0539-y"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Carbon emissions and sustainability of launching 5G mobile networks in China","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.08337"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2020.107556"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2012.020212.00049"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2005.853882"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.081123"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2610578"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2991861"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2007.215"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-003-0368-6"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.797969"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Landscaping review: Digital decarbonisation and the role of global standards in measuring data energy consumption","author":"Jackson","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540962.2023.2279812"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-012-0285-z"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Environmental Engineering (EE): Assessment of Mobile Network Energy Efficiency","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCN63874.2024.10849732"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.104040"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Capacity and power consumption of multi-layer 6G networks using the upper mid-band","author":"L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.09660"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Performance and comparative analysis of SISO, SIMO, MISO, MIMO","volume":"9","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. wireless Commun. Simul."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1948.226245"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.080834"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2018.2848361"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2018.2872383"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2486015"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2819188"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2017.2726535"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM38437.2019.9013912"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109235"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2014.020314.130559"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2017.1600398"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAD67323.2025.11229902"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-019-1391-7"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2019.8917868"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2003.814752"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.3014500"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2019.2934531"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSPIS67605.2025.11318392"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2026.3658099"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3438874"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MeditCom64437.2025.11104471"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3611023"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJVT.2026.3672597"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.2980510"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.3012466"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3046690"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2013.020413.110848"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2019.100859"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2621116"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2020.2969899"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2025.3600789"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3465447"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"1","article-title":"When large language models meet semantic communication: Toward agi-empowered resource allocation in future wireless networks","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Authorea Preprints"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2023.3330065"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8782661\/11343983\/11517449.pdf?arnumber=11517449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T06:49:26Z","timestamp":1779346166000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11517449\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":94,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcoms.2026.3693056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-125X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2644-125X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}