{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:00:54Z","timestamp":1785351654893,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22A2029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22A2029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20A20175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A20175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023M732820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M732820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Open J. Comput. Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ojcs.2023.3300321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T17:21:55Z","timestamp":1692206515000},"page":"280-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":328,"title":["A Survey on ChatGPT: AI\u2013Generated Contents, Challenges, and Solutions"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3810-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuntao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science, Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1485-058X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanghe","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science, Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-0573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science, Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6518-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science, Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5215-7443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom H.","family":"Luan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science, Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3133982"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Differentially private federated learning: A client level perspective","author":"geyer","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.41"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2787987"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Protecting privacy in an AI-driven world","author":"kerry","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00038"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-63076-8_2"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Samsung bans ChatGPT, AI chatbots after data leak blunder","author":"mauran","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"601","article-title":"Stealing machine learning models via prediction APIs","author":"tram\u00e8r","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Secur Symp"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"How to jailbreak ChatGPT","author":"daryanani","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS55849.2022.9975409"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Generative AI has an intellectual property problem","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00083"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02053","article-title":"The stable signature: Rooting watermarks in latent diffusion models","author":"fernandez","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2886017"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2021.24434"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP51992.2021.00024"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2018.00014"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"The artificial intelligence act","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base - analyst note","author":"hu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Gartner identifies the top strategic technology trends for 2022","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123618"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Enabling AI-generated content (AIGC) services in wireless edge networks","author":"du","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of AI-generated content (AIGC): A history of generative AI from GAN to ChatGPT","author":"cao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3263909"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3202047"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2796585"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3030671"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Local model poisoning attacks to Byzantine-robust federated learning","author":"fang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 29th USENIX Secur Symp"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"6000","article-title":"Attention is all you need","author":"vaswani","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","author":"goodfellow","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"New ways to manage your data in ChatGPT","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Adversarial video generation on complex datasets","author":"clark","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"A survey on graph diffusion models: Generative AI in science for molecule","author":"zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"ChatGPT is not all you need. A state of the art review of large generative AI models","author":"gozalo-brizuela","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"A complete survey on generative AI (AIGC): Is ChatGPT from GPT-4 to GPT-5 all you need?","author":"zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on pretrained foundation models: A history from BERT to ChatGPT","author":"zhou","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37228-6_15"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3095506"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"2633","article-title":"Extracting training data from large language models","volume":"6","author":"carlini","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Secur Symp"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Ethical and social risks of harm from language models","author":"weidinger","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Chinese police arrest man who allegedly used ChatGPT to spread fake news in first case of its kind","author":"kharpal","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.272","article-title":"Multi-step jailbreaking privacy attacks on ChatGPT","author":"li","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"ChatGPT outage: Here's what happened","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Ignore previous prompt: Attack techniques for language models","author":"perez","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"One small step for generative AI, one giant leap for AGI: A complete survey on ChatGPT in AIGC era","author":"zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Brace yourself for a tidal wave of ChatGPT email scams","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2023.04.003"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume":"35","author":"wei","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Country striving to build up computing muscle","author":"fan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01042"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"27730","article-title":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","volume":"35","author":"ouyang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2455338"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01418"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"OpenAI GPT-3: Everything you need to know","author":"cooper","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-019-01500-1"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Harnessing the power of LLMs in practice: A survey on ChatGPT and beyond","author":"yang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2016.04.005"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3551636"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"A very preliminary analysis of DALL-E 2","author":"marcus","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Thieves on sesame street! model extraction of BERT-based APIs","author":"krishna","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Targeted backdoor attacks on deep learning systems using data poisoning","author":"chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-7554-7_10"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359789.3359801"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00363"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SRDS53918.2021.00038"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v36i2.20036"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58568-6_2"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3394171.3413976"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3078971.3078974"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"China proposes draft measures to regulate generative AI","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"4716","article-title":"Rethinking deep neural network ownership verification: Embedding passports to defeat ambiguity attacks","author":"fan","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"6978","article-title":"Watermarking deep neural networks with greedy residuals","volume":"139","author":"liu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ACM Int Conf Multimedia Retrieval"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BDCloud.2015.60"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2022.3226458"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3213347"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCS-03-2020-0007"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3280740"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3131711"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2020.2976475"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33630-5_19"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"ChatGPT's electricity consumption","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"A survey of neuromorphic computing and neural networks in hardware","author":"schuman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.827353"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3475591"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3196494.3196550"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3088846"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2014.38"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00031"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1687814019836838"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"601","article-title":"Stealing machine learning models via prediction APIs","author":"tram\u00e8r","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 25th USENIX Secur Symp"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Unleashing the power of edge-cloud generative AI in mobile networks: A survey of AIGC services","author":"xu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"AI-generated content (AIGC): A survey","author":"wu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2023\/803"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2022.3140796"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Attackers are already exploiting ChatGPT to write malicious code","author":"vijayan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v14i1.7276"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Turning your weakness into a strength: Watermarking deep neural networks by backdooring","author":"adi","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Secur Symp"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Universities on alert over ChatGPT and other AI-assisted tools","author":"leung","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASE51524.2021.9678840"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"ChatGPT is changing the phishing game","author":"caulfield","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Language models can explain neurons in language models","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"How hackers can abuse ChatGPT to create malware","author":"zacharakos","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Temporary policy: ChatGPT is banned","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.04.027"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00019"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.41"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3027314"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3040171"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"VMware report warns of deepfake attacks and cyber extortion","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/591"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"GDPR summary","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Europe takes aim at ChatGPT with what might soon be the west's first A.I. law. Here's what it means","author":"browne","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Health insurance portability and accountability act","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8782664\/10016900\/10221755.pdf?arnumber=10221755","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T07:25:31Z","timestamp":1729927531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10221755\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":116,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ojcs.2023.3300321","relation":{},"ISSN":["2644-1268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2644-1268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}