{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:50:25Z","timestamp":1767340225655,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014037","name":"National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/plans61210.2025.11028224","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T17:40:47Z","timestamp":1749750047000},"page":"704-715","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Maximum Likelihood Time of Arrival and Doppler Estimation for Precise Starlink-Based PNT"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Wenkai","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin,Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zacharias M.","family":"Komodromos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel C.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin,Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd E.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin,Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"year":"2023","key":"ref1","article-title":"Number of active satellites from 1957 to 2022"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42928-1_16"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Know your enemy: Signal characteristics of civil GPS jammers","author":"Mitch","year":"2012","journal-title":"GPS World"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","first-page":"78","article-title":"New frontiers, old realities","volume":"6","author":"Dolman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Strategic Studies Quarterly"},{"article-title":"China tests anti-satellite weapon, unnerving U.S","year":"2007","author":"Broad","key":"ref5"},{"article-title":"Why GPS is under attack","year":"2024","author":"Gebrekidan","key":"ref6"},{"article-title":"GNSS jamming and spoofing are a daily occurrence","year":"2024","author":"Huntley","key":"ref7"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3180000"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS53410.2023.10139999"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2023.3267440"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3322811"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23063234"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS53410.2023.10140055"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3413998"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3417336"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.438"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3162772"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/navi.649"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3268610"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/navi.685"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"Timing properties of the Starlink Ku-band downlink","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2024.19943"},{"article-title":"Weak signal acquisition and tracking of the Starlink Ku-Band downlink to enable global PNT","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ION Joint Navigation Conference (JNC)","author":"Komodromos","key":"ref23"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"OFDM-based positioning with unknown data payloads: Bounds and applications to LEO PNT","author":"Graff","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"volume-title":"Principles of high-resolution radar","year":"1969","author":"Rihaczek","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7"}],"event":{"name":"2025 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)","start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"location":"Salt Lake City, UT, USA","end":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}},"container-title":["2025 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/11027905\/11028152\/11028224.pdf?arnumber=11028224","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T05:33:47Z","timestamp":1749792827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11028224\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":26,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/plans61210.2025.11028224","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]}}}