{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T02:10:24Z","timestamp":1768011024489,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"IEEE","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634428800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634428800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/smc52423.2021.9658971","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T15:34:35Z","timestamp":1641483275000},"page":"2986-2993","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Using Grayscale Frequency Statistic to Detect Manipulated Faces in Wavelet-Domain"],"prefix":"10.1109","author":[{"given":"Gao-Jian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University,Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace,Kunming,China,CN 650091"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangnan University,School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science,Wuxi,China,CN 214122"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University,Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace,Kunming,China,CN 650091"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan University,Engineering Research Center of Cyberspace,Kunming,China,CN 650091"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,Wuhan,China,CN 430072"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPR.2018.00084","article-title":"Detection of gan-generated fake images over social networks","author":"marra","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE Conference on Multimedia Information Processing and Retrieval (MIPR) MIPR"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848","article-title":"Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database","author":"deng","year":"2009","journal-title":"2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8683164"},{"key":"ref32","author":"li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ictu Oculi Exposing AI Generated Fake Face Videos by Detecting Eye Blinking"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deepfake video detection using¨ recurrent neural networks","author":"guera","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 15th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS)"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00916"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.195"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00791"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW.2019.00020"},{"key":"ref34","author":"li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exposing DeepFake Videos By Detecting Face Warping Artifacts"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3306346.3323035","article-title":"Deferred neural¨ rendering: Image synthesis using neural textures","volume":"38","author":"thies","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2816795.2818056"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"deepfakes: What are they and why would i make one?","author":"bitesize","year":"0"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Protecting world leaders against deep fakes","author":"agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"CVPR Workshops"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813"},{"key":"ref22","year":"0"},{"key":"ref21","year":"0"},{"key":"ref24","author":"kingma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auto-encoding variational bayes"},{"key":"ref23","year":"0"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2929464.2929475"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.13382"},{"key":"ref50","author":"nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multi-task Learning For Detecting and Segmenting Manipulated Facial Images and Videos"},{"key":"ref51","author":"nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Use of a capsule network to detect fake images and videos"},{"key":"ref10","author":"durall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Unmasking DeepFakes with Simple Features"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS47025.2019.9035107"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00009"},{"key":"ref12","author":"dzanic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fourier spectrum discrepancies in deep network generated images"},{"key":"ref13","author":"frank","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leveraging Frequency Analysis for Deep Fake Image Recognition"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.319"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2672","article-title":"Generative adversarial nets","author":"goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.07.001"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3062396"},{"key":"ref18","author":"karras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Progressive growing of GANs for improved quality stability and variation"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00453"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.229"},{"key":"ref3","author":"tolosana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Deepfakes and beyond A survey of face manipulation and fake detection"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mesonet: a compact facial video forgery detection network","author":"afchar","year":"2018","journal-title":"2018 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IS3C.2018.00104"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00505"},{"key":"ref7","author":"cozzolino","year":"2018","journal-title":"ForensicTransfer Weakly-supervised Domain Adaptation for Forgery Detection"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2020\/476"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00872"},{"key":"ref46","author":"yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lsun Construction of a large-scale image dataset using deep learning with humans in the loop"},{"key":"ref45","author":"liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Large-scale celebfaces attributes (celeba) dataset"},{"key":"ref48","volume":"14","author":"hinton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neural networks for machine learning lecture 6a overview of mini-batch gradient descent"},{"key":"ref47","author":"kingma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adam A method for stochastic optimization"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Contributing data to deepfake detection research","author":"dufour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Google AI Blog"},{"key":"ref41","author":"korshunov","year":"2018","journal-title":"DeepFakes A New Threat to Face Recognition? Assessment and Detection"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"3207","article-title":"Celebdf: A large-scale challenging dataset for deepfake forensics","author":"li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"ref43","author":"dolhansky","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Deepfake Detection Challenge (DFDC) Preview Dataset"}],"event":{"name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)","location":"Melbourne, Australia","start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}},"container-title":["2021 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC)"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/9658572\/9658575\/09658971.pdf?arnumber=9658971","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:07Z","timestamp":1760032327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9658971\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]]},"references-count":51,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/smc52423.2021.9658971","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]]}}}