{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:22:32Z","timestamp":1775175752201,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-19-1-2511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-19-1-2511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000181","name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FA9550-22-1-0476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA9550-22-1-0476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1929965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1929965"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000140","name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["69A3552047138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["69A3552047138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000140","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/taes.2023.3234521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T18:53:57Z","timestamp":1673031237000},"page":"2947-2966","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Performance-Driven Design of Carrier Phase Differential Navigation Frameworks With Megaconstellation LEO Satellites"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3519-256X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Khalife","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4388-6142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaher Zak M.","family":"Kassas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2021-Spring51267.2021.9448678"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2019.16862"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2021.17845"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010198"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCSYS.2022.3187522"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2020.17658"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"42","article-title":"Enter LEO on the GNSS stage: Navigation with starlink satellites","volume":"16","author":"kassas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inside GNSS Mag"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040703"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO50100.2021.9438454"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205866"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2020.17669"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2018.08.017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3003791"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10070984"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-021-01210-2"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Performance assessment of navigation using carrier doppler measurements from multiple LEO constellations","author":"hartnett","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9109938"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22072541"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924470"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICINS.2019.8769440"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3187957"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3162770"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Comparison of three approximate kinematic models for space object tracking","author":"tian","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Inf Fusion"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2008-6770"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3113771"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuCAP53622.2022.9769276"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF53456.2022.9744391"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3111759"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2020.2989067"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2020.17303"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"56","article-title":"New-age satellite-based navigation–STAN: Simultaneous tracking and navigation with LEO satellite signals","volume":"14","author":"kassas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inside GNSS Mag"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSEE44079.2020.9262624"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.2010.tb01773.x"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"A differential carrier-phase navigation system combining GPS with low earth orbit satellites for rapid resolution of integer cycle ambiguities","author":"rabinowitz","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.234"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6404114"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3118678"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2019.2948452"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3061985"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"239","article-title":"Fifty years of orbit determination: Development of modern astrodynamics methods","volume":"27","author":"vetter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins APL Tech Dig"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2799166"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/lnms\/1196285403"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2021.3124727"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"FCC file number: SATMOD2018110800083","author":"spacex","year":"2018","journal-title":"IB FCC Report"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2994037"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"437","article-title":"TOA-based ranging method using CRS in LTE signals","volume":"23","author":"kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBC.2019.2957666"},{"key":"ref75","author":"misra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Positioning System Signals Measurements and Performance"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"126","article-title":"Use of a software radio to evaluate signals of opportunity for navigation","author":"mcellroy","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS Conf"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2021.3065069"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9109876"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471221279","author":"bar-shalom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Estimation with Applications to Tracking and Navigation"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2019.17120"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2278293"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Navigation from low Earth orbit–Part 2: Models, implementation, and performance","volume":"2","author":"kassas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Position Navigation and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1359","article-title":"Navigation from low Earth orbit–Part 1 Concept, current, capability, and future promise","volume":"2","author":"reid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Position Navigation and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2966070"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2020.2991024"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3142290"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2020.3029808"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2005.1499275"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2021.3113880"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032825"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9148880"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace8100280"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2009.090902"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Receiver architectures for positioning with low earth orbit satellite signals","author":"pinell","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO50100.2021.9438258"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2990993"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRFID.2021.3077082"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2665221"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9110199"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"56","article-title":"Iridium next LEO satellites as an alternative PNT in GNSS denied environments—Part I","volume":"14","author":"landry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inside GNSS Mag"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.1998.670034"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682554"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00863419"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS46316.2020.9110140"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2022.3180702"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Part D: Position, navigation, and timing using radio signals-of-opportunity","volume":"2","author":"raquet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Position Navigation and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2021.18110"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2019.17031"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2021.18114"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/7\/10146528\/10009900-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/7\/10146528\/10009900.pdf?arnumber=10009900","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,4]],"date-time":"2023-12-04T05:07:43Z","timestamp":1701666463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10009900\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/taes.2023.3234521","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9251","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9603","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2371-9877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}}}