{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:21:41Z","timestamp":1787638901464,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2025J01179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025J01179"]}]},{"name":"Huaqiao University Research Startup Funds","award":["25BS131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25BS131"]}]},{"name":"Dreams Foundation of Jianghuai Advance Technology","award":["2023-ZM01D002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-ZM01D002"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the National KeyLaboratory of Infrared Detection Technologies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/taes.2026.3719218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:00:30Z","timestamp":1785520830000},"page":"14950-14963","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RadarMind: Explainable Chain-of-Thought Reasoning for SAR Image Interpretation With Large Vision-Language Models"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9178-9653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haote","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2617-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3503-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3913-9400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2288-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinghao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6247-586X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huangxing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huaqiao University","place":["Xiamen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2023.3310363"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2025.3583282"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2025.114800"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.109402"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3351636"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3500036"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v40i8.37603"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3611350"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2025.3529850"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3241893"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2022.3213251"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2904611"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2024.3404048"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2981398"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2947114"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2026.3652995"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3065830"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.2983833"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2023.3234927"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2023.3264458"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2025.3558801"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"SarCLIP: A vision language foundation model for semantic understanding and target recognition in SAR imagery","author":"Ma","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"8748","article-title":"Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Radford","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"GPT-4 technical report","author":"Achiam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Gemini 2.5: Pushing the frontier with advanced reasoning, multimodality, long context, and next generation agentic capabilities","author":"Comanici","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Qwen2.5-VL Technical Report","author":"Bai","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2026.03.038"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2026.3652520"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.08.006"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2026.3652099"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Entropic distribution matching for supervised fine-tuning of LLMs: Less overfitting and better diversity","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Fine-Tuning Modern Mach. Learn.: Princ. Scalability","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"The false promise of imitating proprietary LLMs","author":"Gudibande","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"SFT or RL? an early investigation into training R1-like reasoning large vision-language models","author":"Chen","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Climbing the ladder of reasoning: What LLMs can-and still cant-solve after SFT?","author":"Sun","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-0687"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"The Llama 3 herd of models","author":"Grattafiori","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3390838"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"LrsCLIP: A vision-language foundation model for aligning remote sensing image with longer text","author":"Chen","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2024.3409624"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"27831","article-title":"Geochat: Grounded large vision-language model for remote sensing","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.","author":"Kuckreja","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16091477"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"SkysenseGPT: A fine-grained instruction tuning dataset and model for remote sensing vision-language understanding","author":"Luo","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"SARChat-Bench-2M: A multi-task vision-language benchmark for SAR image interpretation","author":"Ma","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24270"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"4302","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Christiano","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"DeepSeekMath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models","author":"Shao","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09422-z"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Qwen3 technical report","author":"Yang","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.00361"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.00166"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-2338"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"1","article-title":"React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Yao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"MM-REACT: Prompting ChatGPT for multimodal reasoning and action","author":"Yang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"OpenAI o1 system card","author":"Jaech","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Seed 1.5-VL technical report","author":"Guo","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"MathVista: Evaluating mathematical reasoning of foundation models in visual contexts","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Lu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Hu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Simple and scalable strategies to continually pre-train large language models","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"311","article-title":"BLEU: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation","volume-title":"Proc. 40th Annu. Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics","author":"Papineni","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"74","article-title":"Rouge: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","volume-title":"Proc. Text Summarization Branches Out","author":"Lin","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299087"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-2011"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00106"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2024.3403201"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2025.3599512"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-4079"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Kingma","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2026.3679941"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2025.03.028"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"MIMO: Unlocking the reasoning potential of language modelfrom pretraining to posttraining","author":"Xiaomi","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"GLM-4.1 v-thinking: Towards versatile multimodal reasoning with scalable reinforcement learning","author":"Hong","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"InternVL3: Exploring advanced training and test-time recipes for open-source multimodal models","author":"Zhu","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1516"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Microsoft COCO captions: Data collection and evaluation server","author":"Chen","year":"2015"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/7\/11316225\/11631884.pdf?arnumber=11631884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T05:33:02Z","timestamp":1787635982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11631884\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/taes.2026.3719218","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9251","1557-9603","2371-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9251","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9603","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2371-9877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}