{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:41:30Z","timestamp":1775893290285,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of the state of Baden W&#x00FC;rttemberg"},{"name":"Leibniz-WissenschaftsCampus T&#x00FC;bingen"},{"name":"NSF National AI Institute for Student-AI Teaming","award":["DRL 2019805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRL 2019805"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS 1523091\/1748739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS 1523091\/1748739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Affective Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/taffc.2021.3127692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,13]],"date-time":"2021-11-13T00:27:24Z","timestamp":1636763244000},"page":"1012-1027","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Multimodal Engagement Analysis From Facial Videos in the Classroom"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-3960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer","family":"S\u00fcmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T&#x00FC;bingen, T&#x00FC;bingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5530-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T&#x00FC;bingen, T&#x00FC;bingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidney","family":"D\u2019Mello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Gerjets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institut f&#x00FC;r Wissensmedien, T&#x00FC;bingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0647-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Trautwein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of T&#x00FC;bingen, T&#x00FC;bingen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3146-4484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enkelejda","family":"Kasneci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of T&#x00FC;bingen, T&#x00FC;bingen, Germany"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2946837"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.94.3.429"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2316163"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2017.1281747"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2007.79"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020413"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300534"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"781","article-title":"The role of peers and group learning","author":"o\u2019donnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Handbook of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2018.2890471"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3363560"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"Automated anonymisation of visual and audio data in classroom studies","author":"s\u00fcmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 34th AAAI Conf Artif Intell Workshop"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116635807"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2021.100020"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"236","article-title":"The relationship between teacher practices and the task-appropriate and social behavior of students with behavioral disorders","volume":"27","author":"beyda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behavioral Disorders"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2020.100002"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3029479"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.02.006"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2930238.2930371"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iheduc.2015.11.003"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00281"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2018.09.002"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-335-6.50026-X"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"339","author":"schuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deep Learning Our Everyday Emotions"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","author":"kingma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 3rd Int Conf Learn Representations"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.23"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.03.007"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2013.6553805"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"An audiovisual corpus for emergent leader analysis","author":"sanchez-cortes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int Symp Image Signal Process Anal"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010018"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aao6760"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2737019"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2016.2515084"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00525"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.4865.6242"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"Code for instructional structure and student academic response: Mainstream version (MS-CISSAR)","author":"carta","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2018.8615851"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2740923"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477618"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00482"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.3301687"},{"key":"ref8","author":"pianta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) Manual K-3"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09243453.2016.1263215"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312018002157"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"695","author":"janosz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Part IV Commentary Outcomes of Engagement and Engagement as an Outcome Some Consensus Divergences and Unanswered Questions"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.7054"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"763","author":"fredricks","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Measurement of Student Engagement A Comparative Analysis of Various Methods and Student Self- report Instruments"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"The effects of sampling frequency and questionnaire length on perceived burden, compliance, and careless responding in experience sampling data in a student population","author":"eisele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/meo.v19.24037"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"12","article-title":"Aufmerksamkeitstief in reflexionsphasen &#x2013; eine videoanalyse von planspielunterricht","volume":"64","author":"hommel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wirtschaft und Erziehung"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4115(08)62386-9"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312018002157"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/985692.985741"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439312436487"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351229"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"CARMA: Software for continuous affect rating and media annotation","volume":"2","author":"girard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Open Res Softw"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3139513.3139514"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2015.08.004"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJLT.2009.028805"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9224729"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13640-017-0228-8"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2017.02.004"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Camera-based estimation of student&#x2019;s attention in class","author":"raca","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2018.1546820"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3174910.3174927"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037252"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISPA.2017.8073599"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-658-08148-5"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-2018-7"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21229"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2388676.2388708"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2019.2908837"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"88","article-title":"Generalizability of face-based mind wandering detection across task contexts","author":"stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00031"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340555.3353742"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225709"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07221-0_7"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01274"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-019-09228-5"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Attentive or not?: Toward a machine learning approach to assessing students&#x2019; visible engagement in classroom instruction","author":"goldberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780199942237.013.009"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"359","article-title":"Face forward: Detecting mind wandering from video during narrative film comprehension","author":"stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Artif Intell Edu"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264913"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"100","article-title":"Semi-supervised model personalization for improved detection of learner&#x2019;s emotional engagement","author":"alyuz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 18th ACM Int Conf Multimodal Interact"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61425-0_21"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43916"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315109503-6"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1187\/cbe.19-08-0158"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.6.946"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.1.4865.6242"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"467","article-title":"Facial features for affective state detection in learning environments","volume":"29","author":"mcdaniel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Annu Meeting Cogn Sci Soc"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460296.2460351"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00019"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Das m&#x00FC;nchner aufmerksamkeitsinventar (MAI). Manual f&#x00FC;r die beobachtung des aufmerksamkeitsverhaltens von grundsch&#x00FC;lern w&#x00E4;hrend des unterrichtes","author":"helmke","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2014.965823"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/5165369\/10138707\/9613750-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5165369\/10138707\/09613750.pdf?arnumber=9613750","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T18:09:56Z","timestamp":1687198196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9613750\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/taffc.2021.3127692","relation":{},"ISSN":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1949-3045","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2371-9850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]}}}