{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:57:53Z","timestamp":1779303473761,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R44AG059483-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R44AG059483-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Affective Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/taffc.2022.3143803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:16:33Z","timestamp":1642544193000},"page":"2020-2032","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Artificial Emotional Intelligence in Socially Assistive Robots for Older Adults: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hojjat","family":"Abdollahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-4660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Mahoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohola","family":"Zandie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarid","family":"Siewierski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DreamFace Technologies, LLC, Denver, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Qualls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Gerontology Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-020-00683-4"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"108","article-title":"TickTock: A non-goal-oriented multimodal dialog system with engagement awareness","author":"yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Spring Symp Ser"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny046"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-5010"},{"key":"ref14","author":"yonck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart of the Machine Our Future in a World of Artificial Emotional Intelligence"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2740923"},{"key":"ref53","author":"ekman","year":"1978","journal-title":"The Facial Action Coding System A Technique for The Measurement of Facial Movement"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077714"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839510590910174"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42235-018-0015-y"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2007.339605"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Emotion analysis in human–robot interaction","volume":"9","author":"szab\u00f3ov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electron"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1140.001.0001"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"161","article-title":"A platform for human-robot dialog systems research","author":"nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Fall Symp Dialog Robots"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2017.8246925"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00279"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Models of emotion: The affective neuroscience approach","author":"sander","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Cambridge handbook of human affective neuroscience"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.10.005"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Zeno","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Social robotics","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIRA.2003.1222072"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Socibot platform of engineeredarts","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1611"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540090310001658793"},{"key":"ref44","year":"0"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00161-6"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-016-3696-0"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igaa057.3499"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220000459"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-05-2020-0145"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-85616-8_4"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"72","article-title":"Loneliness among elderly in nursing homes","volume":"2","author":"aung","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal for Studies on Children Women Elderly And Disabled"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.08.002"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1286455"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1989","article-title":"Automatic statistical analysis of the signal and prosodic signs of emotion in speech","author":"cowie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc 4th Int Conf Spoken Lang Process"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wilcoxon signed-rank test","author":"woolson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wiley Encyclopedia of Clinical Trials"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-017-0421-z"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"The emote project","author":"project","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1101149.1101299"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00334.x"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"2847","article-title":"Effects of robot assisted activity to elderly people who stay at a health service facility for the aged","author":"wada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc IEEE\/RSJ Int Conf Intell Robots Syst"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.02.026"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2020.532279"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000221510.33817.86"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS40897.2019.8968576"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HUMANOIDS.2017.8246957"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160703"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290714"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020922269"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"465","article-title":"Defining socially assistive robotics","author":"feil-seifer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 9th Int Conf Rehabil Robot"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1140"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812775320_0021"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"1061","article-title":"SimSensei Kiosk: A virtual human interviewer for healthcare decision support","author":"devault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Auton Agents Multi-Agent Syst"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.34"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.04.005"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3383652.3423881"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X02000018"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"287","article-title":"BASIC: A believable, adaptable socially intelligent character for social presence","author":"romano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 8th Annu Int Workshop Presence"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2010.2046734"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/9781680835472"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839510590910165"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525777"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2009.26"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00334.x"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"The elements of AIML style","volume":"139","author":"wallace","year":"2003","journal-title":"ALICE AI Foundation"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(03)00099-2","article-title":"Speech emotion recognition using hidden Markov models","volume":"41","author":"nwe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Speech Commun"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3186591"},{"key":"ref66","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11573548_91"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6710-5_13"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3300188"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2012.09.005"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85099-1_8","article-title":"Emotion recognition through multiple modalities: Face, body gesture, speech","author":"castellano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Affect and Emotion in Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref60","year":"0"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1110"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2009.5349498"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5165369\/10254612\/09684685.pdf?arnumber=9684685","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T19:12:21Z","timestamp":1696878741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9684685\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/taffc.2022.3143803","relation":{},"ISSN":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1949-3045","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2371-9850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]}}}