{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T22:48:41Z","timestamp":1786488521574,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C210415006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C210415006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Affective Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/taffc.2022.3226693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T18:14:05Z","timestamp":1670264045000},"page":"2722-2739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Empathetic Conversational Systems: A Review of Current Advances, Gaps, and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7200-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aravind Sesagiri","family":"Raamkumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A&#x002A;STAR), Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.372"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1038"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/d19-1012"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.721"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"EmpBot: A T5-based empathetic chatbot focusing on sentiments","author":"zaranis","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2014.2317187"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487664.3487695"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/computers10120170"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1001"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.011"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/aicr.68.06waa"},{"key":"ref45","author":"goleman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Emotional Intelligence Why It Can Matter More Than IQ"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11113\/humentech.v1n1.12"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242969.3264977"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2011.08.003"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01437730710718218"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"The focused leader","author":"goleman","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02096.x"},{"key":"ref49","author":"bratman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intention Plans and Practical Reason"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Conversational question answering: A survey","author":"zaib","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3020165.3020183"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.conll-1.4"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlwa.2020.100006"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102630"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiopen.2021.06.002"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3166054.3166058"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"EmpTransfo: A multi-head transformer architecture for creating empathetic dialog systems","author":"zandie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 33rd Int Florida Artif Intell Res Soc Conf"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.11"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Neural, neural everywhere: Controlled generation meets scaffolded, structured dialogue - Amazon science","author":"chi","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2020.06.011"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Empathic response generation in chatbots","author":"spring","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11325"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIMS52415.2021.9466027"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-020-09866-x"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.72"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2912150"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2019.09.016"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Genuine2: An open domain chatbot based on generative models - amazon science","author":"rodr\u00edguez-cantelar","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Alexa prize socialbot grand challenge - Amazon science","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1534"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Recent advances in deep learning based dialogue systems: A systematic survey","author":"ni","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463042"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.531"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.11.024"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09753-0"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bica.2018.07.010"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.96"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Generating empathetic responses with a large scale dialog dataset","author":"xie","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Exemplars-guided empathetic response generation controlled by the elements of human communication","author":"majumder","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2015.2444846"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Emotionally-aware chatbots: A survey","author":"pamungkas","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2018.0110"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1017"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2021.3053275"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K18-1003"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472306.3478344"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-021-09925-7"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCI50826.2021.9402337"},{"key":"ref127","article-title":"BERTScore: Evaluating text generation with BERT","author":"zhang","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.01.020"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"986","article-title":"DailyDialog: A manually labelled multi-turn dialogue dataset","author":"li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 8th Int Joint Conf Natural Lang Process"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-3022"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"The impact of information-seeking strategies and social presence on the interaction between customers and conversational agents","author":"nguyen","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Evaluator for emotionally consistent chatbots","author":"liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref125","article-title":"A probabilistic analysis of the rocchio algorithm with TFIDF for text categorization","author":"joachims","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073914558466"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-022-00892-5"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.08.004"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00144"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"164","article-title":"Empathetic BERT2BERT conversational model: Learning arabic language generation with little data","author":"naous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc 6th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Carl: An empathetic chatbot","author":"sheen","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371158.3371220"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.24"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"58","article-title":"Empathy-driven arabic conversational chatbot","author":"naous","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc 5th Arabic Natural Lang Process Workshop"},{"key":"ref132","article-title":"Blender Bot 2.0: An open source chatbot that builds long-term memory and searches the internet","author":"weston","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3450097"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Talk with CAiRE Chatbot","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33013027"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.112965"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2021.3071503"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2682899"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11164"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.425"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.2010.00704.x"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1094"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2010.1"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089254"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.42"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2018.10.003"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1423"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S16-1002"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach","author":"liu","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"Addressing &#x2018;documentation debt&#x2019; in machine learning research: A retrospective datasheet for BookCorpus","author":"bandy","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32967-3"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"3124","article-title":"Constructing emotion consensus and utilizing unpaired data for empathetic dialogue generation","author":"shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Findings Assoc Comput Linguistics"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"923","article-title":"OpenSubtitles2016: Extracting large parallel corpora from movie and subtitles","author":"lison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int Conf Lang Resour Eval"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.168"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1046"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.394"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1205"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCC51209.2021.9528254"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.429"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Conversational agents in software engineering: Survey, taxonomy and challenges","author":"motger","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref1","author":"mctear","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conversational AI Dialogue Systems Conversational Agents and Chatbots"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9413596"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14550"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25719-4_78"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"An information retrieval approach to short text conversation","author":"ji","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9054379"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"CheerBots: Chatbots toward empathy and emotionusing reinforcement learning","author":"jhan","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1169"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Empathetic dialogue generation with pre-trained RoBERTa-GPT2 and external knowledge","author":"liu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"ALBERT: A Lite BERT for self-supervised learning of language representations","author":"lan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"CEM: Commonsense-aware empathetic response generation","author":"sabour","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref117","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","author":"radford","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Knowledge bridging for empathetic dialogue generation","author":"li","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"78","article-title":"An empathetic AI coach for self-attachment therapy","author":"alazraki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 3rd Int Conf Cogn Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref115","article-title":"Improving language understanding by generative pre-training","author":"radford","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i09.7098"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"3104","article-title":"Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks","author":"sutskever","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2021.015634"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00368"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340555.3353750"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3295222.3295349"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-emnlp.70"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eancs-1.3"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1014"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"CAiRE: An empathetic neural chatbot","author":"lin","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-demos.30"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.170"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5165369\/10330166\/09970384.pdf?arnumber=9970384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T17:50:14Z","timestamp":1760982614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9970384\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/taffc.2022.3226693","relation":{},"ISSN":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1949-3045","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2371-9850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]}}}