{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:52:57Z","timestamp":1777510377681,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Affective Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/taffc.2025.3605475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T17:53:59Z","timestamp":1756922039000},"page":"3369-3386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["PainFormer: A Vision Foundation Model for Automatic Pain Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4123-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanos","family":"Gkikas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Fernandez","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8454-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manolis","family":"Tsiknakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S347780"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00393-7"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000613"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000160"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00983.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78340-6_12"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs200"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.13805"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.03.009"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1229"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2016.10.003"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304265"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/S105"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2023.107365"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000446-199902000-00002"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041311"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2020-0124-gee"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2022.102667"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00810-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-14238-y"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020394"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3757931"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"A pain assessment framework based on multimodal data and deep machine learning methods","author":"Gkikas","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2019.2946774"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10050548"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/csse.2021.015222"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12243"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.3"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","first-page":"284","article-title":"Emotion detection through functional infrared imaging: Preliminary results","volume":"48","author":"Merla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomedizinische Technick"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S151370"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00044"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00006"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.17"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13737-7_10"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2024.3491097"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI.2015.7170679"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3174895"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/computers6030025"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.784"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"On the opportunities and risks of foundation models","author":"Bommasani","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00371"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44824-z"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103547"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"A generalist agent","author":"Reed","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2024.3506283"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2017.2662199"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2024.1372814"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477314.3507094"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10340872"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/170"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2021.3096080"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204503"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47857\/irjms.2024.v05i02.0595"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23983-5_26"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2016.2535962"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC.2019.8785727"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20248-8_19"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"15908","article-title":"Transformer in transformer","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Han"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01066"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00986"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Efficient token mixing for transformers via adaptive fourier neural operators","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Guibas"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"4651","article-title":"Perceiver: General perception with iterative attention","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Jaegle"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00987"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3747327.3764788"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00007"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2024.3498009"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00020"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV56688.2023.00352"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2017.2740923"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.277"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21103465"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB54206.2022.10007961"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Learning face representation from scratch","author":"Yi","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1322355111"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbt072"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.445"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2018.00092"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00081"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"AugMix: A simple data processing method to improve robustness and uncertainty","author":"Hendrycks","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"FractalNet: Ultra-deep neural networks without residuals","author":"Larsson","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors","author":"Hinton","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBConf.2013.6617456"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00012"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW.2017.8272610"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITAIC.2019.8785844"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030839"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2020.09.012"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tbiom.2025.3592836"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37496-8_17"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1294577"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3248654"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2024.3456441"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIW63320.2024.00009"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Transformer with leveraged masked autoencoder for video-based pain assessment","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110300"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15095151"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3747327.3764793"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JEI.28.4.043008"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAFFC.2016.2537327"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09397-1"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513575"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0013426800003938"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0010971700003188"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref107","first-page":"779","article-title":"Ensemble neural networks for multimodal acute pain intensity evaluation using video and physiological signals","volume":"33","author":"Patil","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comput. Anal. Appl."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555776.3577721"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254108"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144838"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3704198.3704212"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175247"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0008896102890296"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.720464"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121082"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSCI47803.2020.9308279"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3747327.3764782"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/5165369\/11269911\/11150483.pdf?arnumber=11150483","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T18:58:37Z","timestamp":1764269917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11150483\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/taffc.2025.3605475","relation":{},"ISSN":["1949-3045","2371-9850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1949-3045","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2371-9850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}