{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:24:28Z","timestamp":1767338668483,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Artif. Intell."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tai.2024.3515935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T14:33:36Z","timestamp":1734014016000},"page":"1052-1066","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Comparative Review of Deep Learning Techniques on the Classification of Irony and Sarcasm in Text"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3925-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonidas","family":"Boutsikaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Media and Communication (DMC), Ionian University, Kefalonia, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0233-6755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyros","family":"Polykalas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Media and Communication (DMC), Ionian University, Kefalonia, Greece"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pc.8.2.02col"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110887969"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-2166(01)00046-7"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/pr-2015-0023"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms1001_3"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"429","article-title":"Beyond sarcasm: Intonation and context as relational cues in children\u2019s recognition of irony,\u201d","volume-title":"Proc. 26th Boston Univ. Conf. Lang. Develop.","author":"Nakassis","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2006-507"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2016.2594194"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WI.2018.00-35"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2860479"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1275"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-47602-5_39"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FRUCT.2016.7584765"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09791-8"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-012-9392-5"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEOT.2016.7755036"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2017.74"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09791-8"},{"article-title":"Computational sarcasm analysis on social media: A systematic review","year":"2022","author":"Kader","key":"ref19"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Clues for detecting irony in user-generated contents: Oh\u2026!! it\u2019s \u201cso easy\u201d$\\left.;-\\right)$","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Inf. Knowl. Manage.","volume":"11","author":"Carvalho","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-2905"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D13-1066"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1218955.1218990"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-2124"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"30","article-title":"Really? well apparently bootstrapping improves the performance of sarcasm and nastiness classifiers for online dialogue","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Lang. Anal. Social Media","author":"Lukin","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-3604"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"34","article-title":"Explainable detection of sarcasm in social media","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Workshop Comput. Approaches Subjectivity, Sentiment Social Media Anal.","author":"Akula","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"A large self-annotated corpus for sarcasm","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Lang. Resour. Eval. (LREC)","author":"Khodak","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-1309"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K16-1017"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"1837","article-title":"CASCADE: Contextual sarcasm detection in online discussion forums","volume-title":"Proc. 27th Int. Conf. Comput. Linguistics","author":"Hazarika","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.201"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1006"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S18-1005"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05102-3"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"2449","article-title":"Tweet sarcasm detection using deep neural network","volume-title":"Proc. COLING 2016, 26th Int. Conf. Comput. Linguistics: Tech. Papers","author":"Zhang","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684822.2685316"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1543-6_6"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1455"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCONS.2018.8663147"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INCET49848.2020.9154162"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2018.03.047"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2019.04.006"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10579-012-9196-x"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/E14-3007"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sarcasm detection on czech and English twitter","volume-title":"Proc. COLING 2014, 25th Int. Conf. Comput. Linguistics: Tech. Papers","author":"Pt\u00e1\u010dek","year":"2014"},{"article-title":"Bi-isca: Bidirectional inter-sentence contextual attention mechanism for detecting sarcasm in user generated noisy short text","year":"2020","author":"Mishra","key":"ref48"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.1"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2963630"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2899260"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S15-2080"},{"article-title":"Semeval-2013 Task 2: Sentiment analysis in twitter","year":"2013","author":"Hltcoe","key":"ref53"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Ensemble learning for irony detection in arabic tweets","volume-title":"Proc. Forum Information Retrieval (FIRE)","author":"Khalifa","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3368567.3368585"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.37"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.36"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00336"},{"article-title":"Finetuning for sarcasm detection with a pruned dataset","year":"2022","author":"Goyal","key":"ref59"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.118"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.insights-1.2"},{"article-title":"Sarcasm detection using hybrid neural network","year":"2019","author":"Misra","key":"ref62"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.naacl-main.425"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.6"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.semeval-1.117"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.semeval-1.111"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5391\/ijfis.2022.22.4.401"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cascon62161.2024.10837875"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3463061"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3430984.3431024"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30490-4_9","article-title":"Attentional encoder network for targeted sentiment classification","author":"Song","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/S14-2004"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"72","article-title":"Sarcasm identification and detection in conversion context using BERT","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Workshop Figurative Lang. Process.","author":"Kalaivani","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946594"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"185","article-title":"BERT\u2019s the word: Sarcasm target detection using BERT","volume-title":"Proc. 19th Annu. Workshop Australas. Lang. Technol. Assoc.","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2021"},{"article-title":"Automatic identification of sarcasm target: An introductory approach","year":"2016","author":"Joshi","key":"ref76"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"192","article-title":"Overview of the 2019 alta shared task: Sarcasm target identification","volume-title":"Proc. 17th Annu. Workshop Australas. Lang. Technol. Assoc.","author":"Molla","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.9"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.15"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.38"},{"article-title":"A deeper look into sarcastic tweets using deep convolutional neural networks","year":"2016","author":"Poria","key":"ref81"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6202"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1093"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.figlang-1.14"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/faia200337"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1050"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.9884"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Dots, do we need them? Significance of punctuation in irony detection","volume":"19","author":"Bratulic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Text Analysis and Retrieval 2021 Course Project Reports"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2021.107348"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.wnut-1.12"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-naacl.126"},{"article-title":"Sarcasm detection using hybrid neural network","year":"2022","author":"Misra","key":"ref92"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.naacl-main.131"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.403"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121068"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ijcnn60899.2024.10651549"},{"article-title":"SarcasmBot: An open-source sarcasm-generation module for chatbots","year":"2015","author":"Joshi","key":"ref97"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1636"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.711"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.213"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.481"},{"key":"ref103","first-page":"9560","article-title":"e-SNLI: Natural language inference with natural language explanations","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NIPS)","author":"Camburu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-emnlp.444"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00051"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.04805"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1611528.1611529"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v9i1.14655"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W15-4322"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2964284.2967278"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-2029"},{"article-title":"RoBERTa: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach","year":"2019","author":"Liu","key":"ref115"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-6208"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/9078688\/10980621\/10795477.pdf?arnumber=10795477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T01:09:40Z","timestamp":1755911380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10795477\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tai.2024.3515935","relation":{},"ISSN":["2691-4581"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2691-4581"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}