{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:01:04Z","timestamp":1752192064965,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,12,1]],"date-time":"1976-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":218246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,12,1]],"date-time":"1976-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":218246400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,12,1]],"date-time":"1976-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":218246400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tc.1976.1674587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,4]],"date-time":"2007-09-04T16:35:10Z","timestamp":1188923710000},"page":"1190-1199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chronology of Computing Devices"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"C-25","author":[{"given":"H.D.","family":"Huskey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.R.","family":"Huskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1875.0035"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511703928.006"},{"volume":"iii","first-page":"128","year":"0","key":"ref71"},{"year":"1946","key":"ref70"},{"journal-title":"Gerate fur beliebige Rechenzwecke Entwicklung Mathematische Instrumente in Deutschland 1939-1945","year":"1946","author":"walther","key":"ref76"},{"journal-title":"A survey of domestic electronic digital computing systems","year":"1955","author":"weik","key":"ref77"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1953.274303"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s2-42.1.230"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"87","article-title":"the bendix g-15 general purpose computer","author":"huskey","year":"1954","journal-title":"Proc WESCON Comput Sessions"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"1745","article-title":"calcul mecanique; machine a calculer fondee sur l'emploi de la numeration binaire","volume":"202","author":"valtat","year":"1936","journal-title":"Compt Rend Acad Sci"},{"journal-title":"Cybernetics Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine","year":"1948","author":"weiner","key":"ref78"},{"key":"ref79","first-page":"16","article-title":"the best way to design an automatic calculating machine","author":"wilkes","year":"1951","journal-title":"Manchester Univ Comput Inaugural Conf"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/158500a0"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/146319a0"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/320764.320768"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2475\/ajs.s3-8.46.277"},{"journal-title":"Technical report on the ENIAC","year":"1946","author":"huskey","key":"ref37"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"355","article-title":"description d'une machine a calculer nommee arithmometre de l'invention de m. le chevalier thomas, de colmar","author":"hoyau","year":"1822","journal-title":"Bull de la Soc d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale"},{"journal-title":"Napier Tercentenary Celebration Handbook","year":"1914","author":"horsburgh","key":"ref35"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002-9904-1940-07327-6"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0659-60"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"588","article-title":"arithmometre electromecanique","volume":"1","author":"torres y quevedo","year":"1920","journal-title":"Bull dela Soc l'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale"},{"journal-title":"Gears From the Greeks","year":"1975","author":"de solla price","key":"ref61"},{"journal-title":"Am Anfang Stand der Abacus","year":"1973","author":"glade","key":"ref28"},{"volume":"64","first-page":"107","year":"0","key":"ref63"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1735.0018"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1947.232616"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-96145-8"},{"journal-title":"A Short History of Greek Mathematics","year":"1968","author":"gow","key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"393","article-title":"rapport fait par m. sebert, au nom du comite des arts ecnomiques, sur la machine a calculer, dit arithmometre, inventee par m. thomas (de colmar) et perfectionee par m. thomas de bojano, 44, rue de chateaudur, a paris","author":"sebert","year":"1879","journal-title":"Bull de la Soc d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale"},{"volume":"i and ii","journal-title":"Progress Report on the EDVAC","year":"1946","key":"ref67"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"722","article-title":"maddida","volume":"69","author":"steele","year":"1950","journal-title":"Elec Eng"},{"volume":"i ii iii and iv","journal-title":"Theory and Techniques for Design of Electronic Digital Computers","year":"1947","key":"ref69"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EE.1946.6434251"},{"journal-title":"Entwicklung der Mathematik in der DDR","year":"1974","author":"adler","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"330","article-title":"rapport sur la machine a calculer presentee par m. wiberg","volume":"56","author":"delaunay","year":"1863","journal-title":"Compt Rend Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"143","article-title":"a trigger relay utilizing threeelectrode thermionic vacuum tubes","volume":"1","author":"eccles","year":"1919","journal-title":"Radio Rev"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1906583"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455270.1455280"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786448508627718"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"44","article-title":"the digital computation program at massachusetts institute of technology","author":"forrester","year":"1951","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Symp on Large-Scale Digital Calculating Machinery"},{"journal-title":"Mechanical Arithmetic or the History of the Counting Machine","year":"1916","author":"felt","key":"ref25"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"sketch of the analytic engine invented by charles babbage","volume":"82","author":"menabrea","year":"1842","journal-title":"Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"13","article-title":"maniac","author":"metropolis","year":"1952","journal-title":"Proc Ass Comput Mach Conf"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"425","author":"platzek","year":"1965","journal-title":"Information Processing 1965"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"284","article-title":"leo (lyons electronic office)","volume":"26","author":"pinkerton","year":"1954","journal-title":"Electron Eng"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1434878.1434888"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455410.1455425"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"895","volume":"66","author":"niemann","year":"1927","journal-title":"Amer Machinist"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5479\/sil.538961.39088011475779","author":"von neumann","year":"1945","journal-title":"First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC"},{"journal-title":"Machina Nova Cyclologica pro Multiplicatione","year":"1666","author":"morland","key":"ref53"},{"journal-title":"The Abacus","year":"1971","author":"moon","key":"ref52"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zamm.19490290127"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1953.274300"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"108","article-title":"static magnetic memory for low-cost computers","volume":"24","author":"kincaid","year":"1950","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"50","volume":"iii","author":"burks","year":"1946","journal-title":"Preliminary Discussion of the Logical Design of an Electronic Computing Instument"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-0032(31)90616-9"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1463822.1463858"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/150508a0"},{"journal-title":"Cobal 1961","year":"1961","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/162487a0"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/92.7.694"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/pi-3.1949.0018"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"924","volume":"191","author":"couffignal","year":"1930","journal-title":"Compt Rend Acad Sci"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/167270a0"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1859882"},{"journal-title":"The Ultra Secret","year":"1975","author":"winterbottom","key":"ref83"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/356551.356553"},{"journal-title":"Passages From the Life of a Philosopher","year":"1864","author":"babbage","key":"ref4"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFIPS.1951.14"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"125","article-title":"the syntax and semantics of the proposed international algebraic language of the zurich acm-gamm conference","author":"backus","year":"1959","journal-title":"Information Processing UNESCO"},{"journal-title":"Babbage's Calculating Engines","year":"1889","author":"babbage","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.74.230"},{"journal-title":"Der Computer mein Lebenswerk","year":"1970","author":"zuse","key":"ref85"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455567.1455599"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1434770.1434776"},{"journal-title":"History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and Power","year":"1878","author":"barlow","key":"ref9"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"77","article-title":"on a proposed analytical machine","volume":"12","author":"ludgate","year":"1909","journal-title":"Sci Proc Royal Dublin Soc"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"666","article-title":"sketch of the analytical engine invented by charles babbage, by l. f. menabrea of turin, officer of the military engineers, with notes upon the memoir by the translator","volume":"3","author":"augusta","year":"1843","journal-title":"Taylor's Scientific Memoirs"},{"volume":"1","journal-title":"Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation","year":"1943","key":"ref48"},{"journal-title":"Akten des Internationalen Leibniz-Kongresses","year":"1969","author":"machensen","key":"ref47"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"122","article-title":"elements of d-c analog computers","volume":"21","author":"korn","year":"1948","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"journal-title":"Beschreibung einer neu erfundenen Rechenmaschine","year":"1786","author":"klipstein","key":"ref41"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"4","article-title":"wiederentdeckung und rekonstruktion der altesten neuzeitlichen rechenmaschine","volume":"14","author":"von freytag loringhoff","year":"1960","journal-title":"VDI Nachrichten"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2302134"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Computers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/12\/35145\/01674587.pdf?arnumber=1674587","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T23:08:11Z","timestamp":1752102491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1674587\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1976,12]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tc.1976.1674587","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-9340"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-9956"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2326-3814"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1976,12]]}}}