{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T07:54:21Z","timestamp":1761292461865,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,12,1]],"date-time":"1976-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":218246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,12,1]],"date-time":"1976-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":218246400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1976,12,1]],"date-time":"1976-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":218246400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1976,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tc.1976.1674589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,4]],"date-time":"2007-09-04T16:35:10Z","timestamp":1188923710000},"page":"1207-1225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Programming Languages—The First 25 Years"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"C-25","author":[{"family":"Wegner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"journal-title":"Notes on Data Structuring In Dahl Dijkstra and Hoare Structured Programming","year":"1972","author":"hoare","key":"ref39"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289504"},{"journal-title":"The SNOBOL 4 Programming Language","year":"1971","author":"griswold","key":"ref33"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA028297","author":"fischer","year":"1976","journal-title":"A common programming language for the department of defense background and technical requirements"},{"journal-title":"The APL Terminal System in Klerer and Reinfelds Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics","year":"1968","author":"falkoff","key":"ref31"},{"key":"ref30","volume":"xix","author":"floyd","year":"1967","journal-title":"Assigning Meanings to Programs Proc Symp App Math"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363235.363259"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800027.808473"},{"journal-title":"APL an Interactive Approach","year":"1974","author":"gilman","key":"ref35"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"a theory of discrete patterns and their implementation in snobol 4","author":"gimpel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach"},{"journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach","article-title":"fortran vs. basic fortran","year":"1964","key":"ref28"},{"journal-title":"Data Structures in Programming Languages Proc of Symp SIGPLAN Notices","year":"1971","key":"ref27"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362896.362902"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01933419"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"go to statement considered harmful","author":"dijkstra","year":"1968","journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach (Lett )"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"programming as a human activity","author":"dijkstra","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc IFIP Congress"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"making a translator for algol 60","volume":"7","author":"dijkstra","year":"1961","journal-title":"APIC Bull"},{"journal-title":"A Discipline of Programming","year":"1976","author":"dijkstra","key":"ref23"},{"journal-title":"An Introduction to Data Base Systems","year":"1975","author":"date","key":"ref26"},{"journal-title":"Structured programming program synthesis and semantic definition","year":"1972","author":"wegner","key":"ref101"},{"journal-title":"Notes on Structured Programming in Dahl Dijkstra and Hoare Structured Programming","year":"1972","author":"dijkstra","key":"ref25"},{"journal-title":"Modula A language for modular multiprogramming","year":"1976","author":"wirth","key":"ref100"},{"journal-title":"Basic Programming","year":"1967","author":"kemeny","key":"ref50"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0066-4138(69)90005-6","volume":"6","author":"lucas","year":"1969","journal-title":"Annual Review in Automatic Programming"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"towards a mathematical science of computation","author":"mccarthy","year":"1962","journal-title":"Proc IFIP Congr"},{"journal-title":"LISP 1 5 Programmers Manual","year":"1965","author":"mccarthy","key":"ref58"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365230.365270"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/367177.367223"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/390016.808426"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/365876.365879"},{"journal-title":"A note on CLU","year":"1974","author":"liskov","key":"ref53"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/390016.808477"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800027.808476"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"implementation of a structured english query language","author":"astrahan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/942574.807115"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1464052.1464088"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355592.365646"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800027.808475"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360248.360252"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800027.808445"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800027.808437"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363717.363743"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01692511"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/356635.356640"},{"journal-title":"The Art of Computer Programming Volume III Sorting and Searching","year":"1973","author":"knuth","key":"ref47"},{"journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Reliable Software","year":"1975","key":"ref42"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1460833.1460872"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1115880.1115883"},{"journal-title":"SIGPlan Notices","year":"1975","key":"ref43"},{"journal-title":"Towards a mathematical semantics for computer languages","year":"1971","author":"scott","key":"ref73"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800027.808433"},{"journal-title":"Algol 60 Implementation","year":"1964","author":"randell","key":"ref71"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355602.361309"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"analysis of error processes in computer software","author":"schneiderwind","year":"1975","journal-title":"ICRS"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"joss, a designers view of an experimental on-line system","author":"shaw","year":"1964","journal-title":"Proc FJCC"},{"journal-title":"Programming Languages History and Fundamentals","year":"1969","author":"sammet","key":"ref74"},{"journal-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Communications","year":"1962","author":"shannon","key":"ref75"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/763973.763978"},{"journal-title":"Comput Surveys","article-title":"special issue: data base management systems","year":"1976","key":"ref79"},{"journal-title":"A Compiler Generator","year":"1970","author":"mckeeman","key":"ref60"},{"journal-title":"Mathematical foundations for structured programming","year":"1972","author":"mills","key":"ref62"},{"journal-title":"Mathematical theory of computation","year":"1974","author":"manna","key":"ref61"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"the quiktran system","author":"morissey","year":"1964","journal-title":"Datamation"},{"journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach","article-title":"report on the algorithmic language algol 60","year":"1960","key":"ref64"},{"journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach","article-title":"revised report on the algorithmic language algol 60","year":"1963","key":"ref65"},{"journal-title":"Proofs of Algorithms by General Snapshots","year":"1966","key":"ref66"},{"journal-title":"Information Processing Language V Manual","year":"1965","author":"newell","key":"ref67"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"a data structure model of the b6500 computer system","author":"organick","year":"1971","journal-title":"DSIPL"},{"journal-title":"PL\/I Current IBM System 360 Reference Manual","year":"1975","key":"ref69"},{"key":"ref2","volume":"ii","author":"aho","year":"1973","journal-title":"The Theory of Parsing Translation and Compiling"},{"key":"ref1","volume":"i","author":"aho","year":"1972","journal-title":"The Theory of Parsing Translation and Compiling"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00264291"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"abstractiona tool in the management of complexity","author":"wegner","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc 4th Texas Symp Comput"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/362575.362577"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"eulera generalization of algol and its formal definition","author":"wirth","year":"1966","journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/356596.356598"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"data structure models in programming languages","author":"wegner","year":"1971","journal-title":"DSIPL"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1282480.1282482"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/366243.366720"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800235.807081"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"research paradigms in computer science","author":"wegner","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Int Conf Reliable Software"},{"journal-title":"Structured model building","year":"1974","author":"wegner","key":"ref96"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5979-4_4"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"the purpose of concurrent pascal","author":"brinch hansen","year":"1975","journal-title":"ICRS"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.111.0056"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355611.362534"},{"journal-title":"COBOL 1961 Revised Specifications for a Common Business Oriented Programming Language","year":"1961","key":"ref13"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"a relational submodel for large shared data banks","author":"codd","year":"1970","journal-title":"Commun Ass Comput Mach"},{"journal-title":"Data Base Task Group Rep","article-title":"codasyl","year":"1971","key":"ref15"},{"journal-title":"CS-4 Language Reference Manual and Operating System Interface","year":"1975","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360303.360308"},{"key":"ref17","volume":"ii","author":"chomsky","year":"1963","journal-title":"Introduction to the Formal Analysis of Natural Languages Handbook of Mathematical Psychology"},{"journal-title":"Module interconnection in programming systems supporting abstractions","year":"1976","author":"thomas","key":"ref81"},{"journal-title":"Hierarchical Program Structures in Dahl Dijkstra and Hoare Structured Programming","year":"1972","author":"dahl","key":"ref18"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"report on the algorithmic language algol 68","author":"wingaarden","year":"1969","journal-title":"Numer Math"},{"journal-title":"SPITBOL 2 0","year":"1971","author":"dewar","key":"ref19"},{"journal-title":"Computer from PASCAL to Von Neumann","year":"1972","author":"von neumann","key":"ref83"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1112\/plms\/s2-42.1.230"},{"key":"ref89","volume":"10","author":"wegner","year":"1972","journal-title":"Advances in Computers"},{"journal-title":"Numer Math","year":"1975","key":"ref85"},{"journal-title":"The Preparation of Programs for a Digital Computer","year":"1951","author":"wilkes","key":"ref86"},{"journal-title":"Programming Languages Information Structures and Machine Organization","year":"1968","author":"wegner","key":"ref87"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363427.363458"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Computers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/12\/35145\/01674589.pdf?arnumber=1674589","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T23:08:12Z","timestamp":1752102492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/1674589\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1976,12]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tc.1976.1674589","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-9340"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-9956"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2326-3814"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1976,12]]}}}