{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T12:38:04Z","timestamp":1766061484055,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB4500702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4500702"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022LZH018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022LZH018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62372322, 62432015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372322, 62432015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019065","name":"Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24ZXKJGX00060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24ZXKJGX00060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tc.2025.3624373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:48:47Z","timestamp":1763146127000},"page":"73-86","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Galaxy: An Elastic FaaS Control Plane for Highly-Scalable Instance Scheduling"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6844-8763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiming","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1967-2192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laiping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6800-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shize","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0228-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2994-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guowei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6230-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huahui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Bytedance Technology Company Ltd, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7614-608X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3089-7907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keqiu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"year":"2024","key":"ref1","article-title":"Serverless function, FaaS Serverless - AWS Lambda \u2013 AWS"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref2","article-title":"Azure functions \u2013 Serverless functions in computing \u2014 Microsoft Azure"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref3","article-title":"Cloud Run functions \u2014 Google Cloud"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458817.3476215"},{"article-title":"A review of serverless use cases and their characteristics","year":"2020","author":"Eismann","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2021.3113940"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref7","article-title":"Bytedance - inspire creativity, enrich life"},{"article-title":"OpenFaaS - Serverless functions made simple","year":"2024","author":"Ellis","key":"ref8"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"205","article-title":"Serverless in the wild: Characterizing and optimizing the serverless workload at a large cloud provider","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. (USENIX ATC)","author":"Shahrad","year":"2020"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref10","article-title":"Apache OpenWhisk is a serverless, open source cloud platform"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366623.3368135"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref12","article-title":"Kubeless: Kubernetes native serverless framework"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2517349.2522716"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"561","article-title":"Ray: A distributed framework for emerging AI applications","volume-title":"Proc. 13th USENIX Symp. Oper. Syst. Des. Implementation (OSDI)","author":"Moritz","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2465351.2465386"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"295","article-title":"Mesos: A platform for fine-grained resource sharing in the data center","volume-title":"Proc. 8th USENIX Symp. Netw. Syst. Des. Implementation (NSDI)","author":"Hindman","year":"2011"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref17","article-title":"Azure Public Dataset"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620666.3651327"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref19","article-title":"Configure Lambda function memory"},{"article-title":"A name-based mapping scheme for rendezvous","year":"1996","author":"Thaler","key":"ref20"},{"year":"2025","key":"ref21","article-title":"gRPC: A high performance, open source universal RPC framework,\u201d gRPC"},{"year":"2025","key":"ref22","article-title":"Protocol Buffers are language-neutral, platform-neutral extensible mechanisms for serializing structured data"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"CAPK is a provider for Cluster API (CAPI) that allows users to deploy fake, Kubemark-backed machines to their clusters"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3694715.3695966"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3472883.3486981"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3623278.3624769"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"497","article-title":"No provisioned concurrency: Fast RDMA-codesigned remote fork for serverless computing","volume-title":"Proc. 17th USENIX Symp. Oper. Syst. Design Implementation (OSDI)","author":"Wei","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3373376.3378512"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3689031.3717490"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3587249"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref31","article-title":"Serverless Database - Amazon Aurora Serverless \u2013 AWS"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref32","article-title":"Interactive SQL - serverless query service - Amazon Athena \u2013 AWS"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref33","article-title":"Open source big data analytics \u2014 Amazon EMR Serverless \u2014 Amazon Web Services"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3457560"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3514061.3514073"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"653","article-title":"Caerus: NIMBLE task scheduling for serverless analytics","volume-title":"Proc. 18th USENIX Symp. Netw. Syst. Des. Implementation (NSDI)","author":"Zhang","year":"2021"},{"year":"2024","key":"ref37","article-title":"Kubernetes"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387517"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Fuxi: A fault-tolerant resource management and job scheduling system at internet scale","volume-title":"Proc. VLDB","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3552326.3567496"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3502181.3531459"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3588195.3592995"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3542929.3563470"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Harmonizing efficiency and practicability: Optimizing resource utilization in serverless computing with Jiagu","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. (USENIX ATC)","author":"Liu","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Computers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/12\/11296746\/11249802.pdf?arnumber=11249802","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T12:32:35Z","timestamp":1766061155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11249802\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tc.2025.3624373","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0018-9340"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-9956"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2326-3814"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}