{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1783973474288,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2213636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2213636"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2105494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2105494"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2211302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2211302"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2211888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2211888"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2325956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2325956"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["23091241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23091241"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["2105494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2105494"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["19250001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19250001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-EE0010143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-EE0010143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tc.2026.3667610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T20:57:08Z","timestamp":1771966628000},"page":"2715-2729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Untangling the Carbon-Cost Tradeoffs and Stampede Effect Challenges in Cloud Computing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5765-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid A.","family":"Hanafy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5619-1545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanathorn","family":"Sukprasert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abel","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1722-4927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Irwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-1901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashant","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Data centres and data transmission networks","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Energy Production and Consumption","volume-title":"Our World in Data","author":"Ritchie","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Energy and AI","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-01722-3"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Green500","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630614.3630623"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2025.3575016"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3575709"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008675"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2012.166"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid49817.2020.00-28"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2021.3075625"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"One small step for RFPs, one giant leap for clean energy","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575693.3575754"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2021.05.011"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3673660.3655048"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604930.3605709"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3464298.3493399"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627703.3650079"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620666.3651374"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3634769.3634812"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2022.3173250"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3631295.3631396"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3581784.3607034"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3698038.3698516"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3342195.3387517"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3632775.3661942"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1241","article-title":"ThunderBolt: Throughput-optimized, quality-of-service-aware power capping at scale","volume-title":"Proc. OSDI","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA52012.2021.00033"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCGrid59990.2024.00025"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Carbon responder: Coordinating demand response for the Datacenter fleet","author":"Xing","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGSC64514.2024.00012"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMSNETS.2018.8328221"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MASCOTS.2013.32"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1993744.1993766"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3679240.3734614"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2021.111124"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3524273.3528188"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3575813.3595197"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Green house gas protocol","author":"Institute","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604930.3605710"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3470496.3527408"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3698038.3698542"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2737\/FPL-GTR-290","article-title":"MLaaS in the wild: Workload analysis and scheduling in large-scale heterogeneous GPU clusters","volume-title":"Proc. NSDI","author":"Weng","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132772"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"205","article-title":"Serverless in the wild: Characterizing and optimizing the serverless workload at a large cloud provider","volume-title":"Proc. ATC","volume":"20","author":"Shahrad","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Electricity map","author":"Maps","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"WattTime","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"California Independent System Operator (CAISO","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620678.3624644"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2020.08.001"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3531146.3533234"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3604930.3605711"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2013.08.014"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024723.2000105"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3634769.3634810"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Google cloud inter-region latency and throughput","author":"Center For Virtualization At Southern Methodist University","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Regulation (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Power usage effectiveness\u2014Google data centers","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Wikimedia\u2019s Grafana installation","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3150994.3150996"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3727200.3727207"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88224-2_10"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3630614.3630622"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"The challenge of going green","volume":"45","author":"Clarke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Harvard Bus. Rev."},{"issue":"81","key":"ref67","first-page":"4","article-title":"It\u2019s not easy being green","volume":"36","author":"Walley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Harvard Bus. Rev."}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Computers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/12\/11603879\/11408897-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/12\/11603879\/11408897.pdf?arnumber=11408897","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T20:03:38Z","timestamp":1783973018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11408897\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tc.2026.3667610","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9340","1557-9956","2326-3814"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9340","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9956","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3814","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}}}