{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T17:39:38Z","timestamp":1772041178743,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe project CENTRIC","award":["101096379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101096379"]}]},{"name":"Open Fellowship of the EPSRC","award":["EP\/W024101\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W024101\/1"]}]},{"name":"EPSRC project","award":["EP\/X011852\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X011852\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tccn.2025.3536793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T13:36:02Z","timestamp":1738330562000},"page":"3529-3543","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["What If We Had Used a Different App? Reliable Counterfactual KPI Analysis in Wireless Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1132-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiushuo","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4091-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Zecchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, King&#x2019;s Communications, Learning &#x0026; Information Processing Laboratory, and the Centre for Intelligent Information Processing Systems, King&#x2019;s College London, London, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9418-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1354-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanding","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, King&#x2019;s Communications, Learning &#x0026; Information Processing Laboratory, and the Centre for Intelligent Information Processing Systems, King&#x2019;s College London, London, U.K."}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCWorkshops59551.2024.10615451"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2729780"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Understanding O-RAN: Architecture, interfaces, algorithms, security, and research challenges","author":"Polese","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.01032"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"O-RAN Working Group 1: O-RAN Architecture Description 5.00 (ORAN.WG1.O-RAN Architecture-Description-v05.00 Technical Specification)","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009072205"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11794"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2025.3527741"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC61514.2024.10592526"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2025.3570632"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3359209"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3215919"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM52122.2024.10621166"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"PandORA: Automated design and comprehensive evaluation of deep reinforcement learning agents for open RAN","author":"Tsampazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.11747"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLCN59089.2024.10625184"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GCWkshps56602.2022.10008713"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3458864.3466863"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Managing O-RAN networks: xApp development from zero to hero","author":"Santos","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.09619"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.002.2200079"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2872781"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"Publicly available specification (PAS); A1 interface: Type definitions (O-RAN.WG2.A1TD-R003-v05.00)","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3677119"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.11.003"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/876"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21736-9"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025751"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer","author":"Pearl","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Semiparametric Theory and Missing Data","author":"Tsiatis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2200012"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3310093"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3198273"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107337527"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12445"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2022.2102503"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"31512","article-title":"Conformal off-policy prediction in contextual bandits","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Taufiq"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jrsssb\/qkae009"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Multi-source conformal inference under distribution shift","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.09331"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Conformal prediction for causal effects of continuous treatments","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.03094"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1913643"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b106715"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/2200000101"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","first-page":"371","article-title":"A tutorial on conformal prediction","volume":"9","author":"Shafer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Conformal prediction under covariate shift","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Tibshirani"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMLCN.2023.3319282"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2024.3358615"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2023.3264939"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"3543","article-title":"Conformalized quantile regression","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Romano"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sta4.261"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/20-AOS1965"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSSTA.2004.1371777"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCF.2006.391"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2005.1543268"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807213"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2813"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2024.3359357"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical Layer Procedures","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"3394","article-title":"Deep sets","volume-title":"Proc. 31st Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Zaheer"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAIT.2024.3368229"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"Introduction to Algorithms","author":"Cormen","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"From conformal predictions to confidence regions","author":"Guille-Escuret","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.18601"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"22942","article-title":"Federated conformal predictors for distributed uncertainty quantification","volume-title":"Proc. 40th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Lu"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262170055.003.0008"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00442"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204569119"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Conformal validity guarantees exist for any data distribution","author":"Prinster","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.06627"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Wireless Suite: A collection of problems in wireless telecommunications","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6687307\/11195912\/10859270.pdf?arnumber=10859270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:40:05Z","timestamp":1759945205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10859270\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tccn.2025.3536793","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-7731","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}