{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:35:55Z","timestamp":1784133355647,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":186,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tccn.2025.3612760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T17:45:54Z","timestamp":1758563154000},"page":"3563-3585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Toward Edge General Intelligence With Multiple-Large Language Model (Multi-LLM): Architecture, Trust, and Orchestration"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5531-4291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haoxiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6198-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinqiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Ave, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-3645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruichen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Ave, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1252-8761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Ave, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-8915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusit","family":"Niyato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Ave, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongfang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zehui","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EEECS), Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4890-0748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4140-287X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuemin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3533005"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2025.3539338"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2984887"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2025.01.001"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3435524"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3568637"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641289"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3438379"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3391767"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Toward edge general intelligence with agentic AI and agentification: Concepts, technologies, and future directions","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2508.18725"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.003.2400445"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2025.3582864"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIOT.2025.3575766"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2025.3541078"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"21702","article-title":"LLM-pruner: On the structural pruning of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ma"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLAS64557.2025.10968787"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"PRIMA.CPP: Speeding up 70B-scale LLM inference on low-resource everyday home clusters","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.08791"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"TPI-LLM: Serving 70B-scale LLMs efficiently on low-resource edge devices","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.00531"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3420755"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Knowledge fusion of large language models","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.10491"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"A multi-LLM debiasing framework","author":"Owens","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.13884"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"44323","article-title":"Easy2Hard-bench: Standardized difficulty labels for profiling LLM performance and generalization","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"37","author":"Ding"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Wireless hallucination in generative AI-enabled communications: Concepts, issues, and solutions","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.06149"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.786"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Merge, ensemble, and cooperate! A survey on collaborative strategies in the era of large language models","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.06089"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.701"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC64274.2024.00029"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3620286"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Levels of AI agents: From rules to large language models","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.06643"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Fine-tuning and deploying large language models over edges: Issues and approaches","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.10691"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAE59995.2024.10569285"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3719664"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2025.100755"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3527641"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FLLM63129.2024.10852473"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Pushing large language models to the 6G edge: Vision, challenges, and opportunities","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.16739"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Edge general intelligence through world models and agentic AI: Fundamentals, solutions, and challenges","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2508.09561"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Harnessing multiple large language models: A survey on LLM ensemble","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.18036"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"When one LLM drools, multi-LLM collaboration rules","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.04506"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"What is the role of small models in the LLM era: A survey","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.06857"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"A trustworthy multi-LLM network: Challenges, solutions, and a use case","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.03196"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Towards efficient multi-LLM inference: Characterization and analysis of LLM routing and hierarchical techniques","author":"Behera","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.06579"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Cost-effective online multi-LLM selection with versatile reward models","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.16587"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2025.1576348"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"A case study of scalable content annotation using multi-LLM consensus and human review","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.17620"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"GameChat: Multi-LLM dialogue for safe, agile, and socially optimal multi-agent navigation in constrained environments","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.12333"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.240"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"SocraSynth: Multi-LLM reasoning with conditional statistics","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.06634"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-0911"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Multi-LLM text summarization","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.15487"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49660.2025.10888686"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Improving the end-to-end efficiency of offline inference for multi-LLM applications based on sampling and simulation","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.16893"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3627673.3679744"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Multi-agent collaboration mechanisms: A survey of LLMs","author":"Tran","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.06322"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app15073676"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"Adversarial multi-agent evaluation of large language models through iterative debates","author":"Bandi","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.04663"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95969-w"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2022.3152623"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2024.3372018"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.2021.3088084"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3711118"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"On the reasoning capacity of AI models and how to quantify it","author":"Radha","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.13833"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2023.111615"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2023.02.004"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"71831","article-title":"Megalodon: Efficient LLM pretraining and inference with unlimited context length","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"37","author":"Ma"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3435752"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3545589"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.016.2300547"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"A tutorial on LLM reasoning: Relevant methods behind ChatGPT o1","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.10867"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2024.3465447"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3497923"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3459037"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Toward generalizable evaluation in the LLM era: A survey beyond benchmarks","author":"Cao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.18838"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3477495.3531799"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.005.2100531"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA59077.2024.00019"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"UniBias: Unveiling and mitigating LLM bias through internal attention and FFN manipulation","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.20612"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"EAZY: Eliminating hallucinations in LVLMs by zeroing out hallucinatory image tokens","author":"Che","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.07772"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"From calculation to adjudication: Examining LLM judges on mathematical reasoning tasks","author":"Stephan","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.04168"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Generating efficient training data via LLM-based attribute manipulation","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.07099"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"TRiSM for agentic AI: A review of trust, risk, and security management in LLM-based agentic multi-agent systems","author":"Raza","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.04133"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Learning in chaos: Efficient autoscaling and self-healing for distributed training at the edge","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.12815"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"A scalable communication protocol for networks of large language models","author":"Marro","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2410.11905"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"EdgeShard: Efficient LLM inference via collaborative edge computing","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.14371"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3660605.3660941"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0013397000003890"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2023.3318150"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3051080"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.102040"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2022.3222682"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"LLMCad: Fast and scalable on-device large language model inference","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.04255"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PESGM51994.2024.10688863"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/stg2.12191"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2025.06.051"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2022.3163750"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.004.2200079"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3764579"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.111.2100168"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2025.3573048"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"GenAI-powered multi-agent paradigm for smart urban mobility: Opportunities and challenges for integrating large language models (LLMs) and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) with intelligent transportation systems","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.00494"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2025.3528116"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2024.3421357"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3369190"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3330547"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3699431"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2025.3544675"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3634768"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2025.3601015"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2025.3597910"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s25010175"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"Large language model-enhanced reinforcement learning for low-altitude economy networking","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.21045"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3176400"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3357824"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2024.3379587"},{"key":"ref115","article-title":"Temporal spectrum cartography in low-altitude economy networks: A generative AI framework with multi-agent learning","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.15571"},{"key":"ref116","article-title":"DistilBERT, a distilled version of BERT: Smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter","author":"Sanh","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1910.01108"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.372"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312867"},{"key":"ref119","article-title":"ALBERT: A lite BERT for self-supervised learning of language representations","author":"Lan","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1909.11942"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3466752.3480095"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"Cost-saving LLM cascades with early abstention","author":"Zellinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.09054"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2400047"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.014.2300319"},{"key":"ref124","article-title":"CE-CoLLM: Efficient and adaptive large language models through cloud-edge collaboration","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.02829"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2025.3548604"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MVT.2021.3114655"},{"key":"ref127","article-title":"Hybrid LLM: Cost-efficient and quality-aware query routing","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.14618"},{"key":"ref128","article-title":"Agreement-based cascading for efficient inference","author":"Kolawole","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.02348"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13132580"},{"key":"ref130","article-title":"A survey on model context protocol: Architecture, state-of-the-art, challenges and future directions","author":"Ray","year":"2025","journal-title":"TechRxiv"},{"key":"ref131","first-page":"1","article-title":"In-context autoencoder for context compression in a large language model","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Ge"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.acl-industry.40"},{"key":"ref133","article-title":"Distributed mixture-of-agents for edge inference with large language models","author":"Mitra","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.21200"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LANMAN66415.2025.11154542"},{"key":"ref135","article-title":"Collaborative memory: Multi-user memory sharing in LLM agents with dynamic access control","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.18279"},{"key":"ref136","article-title":"Memory sharing for large language model based agents","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.09982"},{"key":"ref137","article-title":"Beyond self-talk: A communication-centric survey of LLM-based multi-agent systems","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.14321"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3706598.3713701"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMC60390.2024.00008"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3707453"},{"key":"ref141","article-title":"Split-and-denoise: Protect large language model inference with local differential privacy","author":"Mai","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.09130"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637528.3671897"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3118352"},{"key":"ref144","article-title":"Confidential prompting: Protecting user prompts from cloud LLM providers","author":"Gim","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2409.19134"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3701716.3715597"},{"key":"ref146","article-title":"Privacy-enhancing paradigms within federated multi-agent systems","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.08175"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS65812.2025.11152998"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649329.3658473"},{"key":"ref149","article-title":"Towards building the federated GPT: Federated instruction tuning","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2305.05644"},{"key":"ref150","article-title":"Mobility-aware asynchronous federated learning with dynamic sparsification","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.07328"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jstsp.2025.3581484"},{"key":"ref152","article-title":"SplitLoRA: A split parameter-efficient fine-tuning framework for large language models","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.00952"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s23156986"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-70378-2_25"},{"key":"ref155","article-title":"LLM-fusion: A novel multimodal fusion model for accelerated material discovery","author":"Boyar","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.01022"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHORA65333.2025.11016994"},{"key":"ref157","article-title":"Multimodal alignment and fusion: A survey","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.17040"},{"key":"ref158","article-title":"Qwen-VL: A versatile vision-language model for understanding, localization, text reading, and beyond","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.12966"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC57885.2023.10275301"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIT58888.2023.10453752"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2024.3357770"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcra.2023.100155"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2025.3599385"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2400245"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.003.2300053"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2024.3390208"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tnse.2025.3570870"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2024.101614"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2025.3593918"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2024.3462539"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3560003"},{"key":"ref172","article-title":"FSPO: Few-shot preference optimization of synthetic preference data in LLMs elicits effective personalization to real users","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2502.19312"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3450674"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UEMCON47517.2019.8993089"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3659591"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3511662"},{"key":"ref177","article-title":"Movable antenna enhanced federated fine-tuning of large language models via hybrid client selection optimization","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.00011"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-025-00736-2"},{"key":"ref179","article-title":"Secure multi-LLM agentic AI and agentification for edge general intelligence by zero-trust: A survey","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2508.19870"},{"key":"ref180","article-title":"Covert prompt transmission for secure large language model services","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2504.21311"},{"key":"ref181","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented perception: High-resolution image perception meets visual RAG","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2503.01222"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3401159"},{"key":"ref183","article-title":"Chain-of-thought for large language model-empowered wireless communications","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.22320"},{"key":"ref184","article-title":"World models for cognitive agents: Transforming edge intelligence in future networks","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506. 00417"},{"key":"ref185","article-title":"Wireless agentic AI with retrieval-augmented multimodal semantic perception","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2505.23275"},{"key":"ref186","article-title":"Optimizing generative AI networking: A dual perspective with multi-agent systems and mixture of experts","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.12472"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6687307\/11288933\/11175216.pdf?arnumber=11175216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T18:34:02Z","timestamp":1765391642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11175216\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":186,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tccn.2025.3612760","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-7731","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}}}