{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T20:52:45Z","timestamp":1775163165222,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42171404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42171404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Blockchain Applications And Services","award":["19DZ2255100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19DZ2255100"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22120250094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22120250094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tccn.2026.3676012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T20:00:12Z","timestamp":1774036812000},"page":"6955-6969","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hierarchical Attention-Driven Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Resource Allocation in Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Integrated Sensing and Communication"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2900-393X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous System, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-6208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erwu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering and Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4933-594X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2974-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering and Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7239-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering and Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4237-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5865-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanzhe","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Blockchain Applications and Services, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7442-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusit","family":"Niyato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Jamalipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2024.3486201"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2987311"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3557935"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3593316"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2023.3312221"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3326275"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3243571"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2019.2953575"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3104456"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Complexity results for the pilot assignment problem in cell-free massive MIMO","author":"Prusty","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.14186"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2025.3545164"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3162585"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2022.3165810"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3230041"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3159836"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2022.3164648"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2022.3220870"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3587959"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3452639"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Hierarchical multi-agent DRL based dynamic cluster reconfiguration for UAV mobility management","author":"Meer","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.16167"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3336154"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2023.3321717"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMLCN.2023.3283228"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3086014"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2024.3510542"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2025.3576916"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3280212"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3555212"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3507778"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2025.3542206"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"End-to-end energy saving in cell-free massive MIMO ISAC for ultra-reliable target-aware actuation","author":"Behdad","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.10315"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3090423"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3392330"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3059300"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2905833"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3280976"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2015.2397553"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3219463"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2023.3249227"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(99)00052-1"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2025.3546528"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-10725-2_9"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3119689"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2011.032411.100461"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2010.5461911"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fast convergence for unstable reinforcement learning problems by logarithmic mapping","volume-title":"Proc. Decis. Awareness Reinforcement Learn. Workshop 39th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML)","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"1995","article-title":"Dueling network architectures for deep reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","author":"Kingma","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"2961","article-title":"Actor-attention-critic for multi-agent reinforcement learning","volume-title":"Proc. 36th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Iqbal"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2019.2952909"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10295"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"An initial introduction to cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning","author":"Amato","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.06161"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2024.3478232"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3268822"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2025.3554179"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6687307\/11304002\/11449247.pdf?arnumber=11449247","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T19:51:55Z","timestamp":1775159515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11449247\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":56,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tccn.2026.3676012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-7731","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}