{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T21:04:34Z","timestamp":1784149474956,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tccn.2026.3711111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T19:44:24Z","timestamp":1783539864000},"page":"9946-9961","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["AI Driven Semantic Protocol Attacks on 6G: Formalizing Novel Threat Vectors and a Lipschitz Bounded Cross Layer Defense Framework (SACLDF)"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0737-9849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdellah","family":"Tahenni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit&#x00E9; du Qu&#x00E9;bec &#x00E0; Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res (UQTR), Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1095-8012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Messaoud Ahmed","family":"Ouameur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit&#x00E9; du Qu&#x00E9;bec &#x00E0; Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res (UQTR), Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5280-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miloud","family":"Bagaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit&#x00E9; du Qu&#x00E9;bec &#x00E0; Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res (UQTR), Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7807-7919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Massicotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit&#x00E9; du Qu&#x00E9;bec &#x00E0; Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res (UQTR), Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0476-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sifeddine","family":"Salmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit&#x00E9; du Qu&#x00E9;bec &#x00E0; Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res (UQTR), Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-7286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe Augusto Pereira de","family":"Figueiredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Telecomunica&#x00E7;&#x00F5;es (INATEL), Santa Rita do Sapuca&#x00ED;, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adlen","family":"Ksentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, Biot, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3036968"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2023.3239189"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.006.2100543"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2026.112143"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC49033.2022.9700645"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.017.2100705"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.006.2200878"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"When wireless security meets machine learning: Motivation, challenges, and research directions","author":"Sagduyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2001.08883"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Goodfellow"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks","author":"Madry","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1706.06083"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Adversarial jamming attacks and defense strategies via adaptive deep reinforcement learning","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2007.06055"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2021.3087240"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2024.3412852"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00073"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10000901"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3205184"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3288249"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2021.3124855"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2021.3071210"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685667"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VTC2022-Fall57202.2022.10012766"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3191326"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Cross-layer adversarial attacks on deep learning-based semantic communication: From physical to protocol layer","volume":"20","author":"Nan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","first-page":"88","article-title":"Ontology poisoning attacks on shared knowledge graphs in 6G semantic communication systems","volume":"64","author":"Sagduyu","year":"2026","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"879","article-title":"Certified robustness for semantic autoencoders under bounded perturbations in 6G fading channels","volume":"73","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref26","first-page":"812","article-title":"Knowledge graph security for 6G semantic communications: Threat modeling and sanitization","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","first-page":"112","article-title":"Reinforcement learning policy manipulation attacks against adaptive semantic communication protocols","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","first-page":"198","article-title":"O-RAN security under AI-driven semantic protocol attacks: Vulnerabilities and cross-layer countermeasures","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","first-page":"2301","article-title":"Multimodal semantic communication robustness under adversarial channel conditions: SSIM, PESQ, and BLEU evaluation","volume":"73","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref30","first-page":"1987","article-title":"Federated adversarial defense for distributed semantic communication networks in 6G","volume":"24","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2024.104031"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300575"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1109\/TCCN.2023.3335337","article-title":"Adversarial robustness of task-oriented semantic communication systems under gradient-based perturbations","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Adversarial and data poisoning attacks against deep learning","author":"Lin","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics13071209"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2015.7178964"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1541880.1541882"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Auto-encoding variational Bayes","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Kingma"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Spectral normalization for generative adversarial networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Miyato"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1310","article-title":"Certified adversarial robustness via randomized smoothing","volume-title":"Proc. ICML","author":"Cohen"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1101"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6687307\/11304002\/11599657.pdf?arnumber=11599657","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T20:06:54Z","timestamp":1784146014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11599657\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tccn.2026.3711111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2332-7731","2372-2045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2332-7731","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-2045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}