{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T18:53:41Z","timestamp":1771700021224,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tcds.2017.2731361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T18:14:48Z","timestamp":1500920088000},"page":"1035-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Emergence in Systems Applied to Symbol Emergence in Robots"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-1414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick L.","family":"Sturdivant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edwin K. P.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780190281069.001.0001"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Symbol emergence in robotics for long-term human&#x2013;robot collaboration","author":"taniguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc 13th IFAC Symp Anal Design Eval Human&#x2013;Mach Syst (HMS)"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2016.10.004"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-1098(95)00120-8"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/287954"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2009.12.001"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7312\/piag91272","author":"piagent","year":"1970","journal-title":"Genetic Epistemology"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01691864.2016.1164622"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2016.2562121"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.07.004"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"969","article-title":"Specifying, detecting and analysing emergent behaviours in multi-level agent-based simulations","author":"chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Summer Comput Simulat Conf"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/608164"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2015.08.010"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000220"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"35","article-title":"A calculus for multi-level emergent behaviours in component-based systems and simulations","author":"chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Emergent Properties Nat Artif Syst Eur Conf Complex Syst"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"14","article-title":"Multi-level behaviours in agent-based simulation: Colonic crypt cell populations","author":"chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int Conf on Complex Sys"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2012.6465059"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094185"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2007.4419726"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2014.7019889"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"233","article-title":"A stochastic nonlinear model for coordinated bird flocks","author":"heppner","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Ubiquity of Chaos"},{"key":"ref28","author":"laplace","year":"1951","journal-title":"A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0065-227X(86)90003-1"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/459332a"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMSE.2007.4421963"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2008.03.040"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2011.07.019"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2012.02.004"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/37401.37406"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2011.03.013"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"120","article-title":"Mathematical games&#x2014;The fantastic combinations of John Conway&#x2019;s new solitaire game life","volume":"223","author":"garder","year":"1970","journal-title":"Sci Amer"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2011.6147763"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"5","article-title":"Downward causation and the autonomy of weak emergence","volume":"6","author":"bedau","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Principia"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"244","article-title":"Strong and weak emergence","author":"chalmers","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Re-Emergence of Emergence"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44561-7_4"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2006.01.008"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physd.2008.12.016"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"15","author":"blanchard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Systems Engineering and Analysis"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Cognitive and Developmental Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/7274989\/8567843\/07990216.pdf?arnumber=7990216","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:29:37Z","timestamp":1643257777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7990216\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcds.2017.2731361","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-8920","2379-8939"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-8920","type":"print"},{"value":"2379-8939","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}