{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T19:54:03Z","timestamp":1781898843002,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62571477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62571477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"EPSRC Open Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/W024101\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/W024101\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"EPSRC project","award":["EP\/X011852\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X011852\/1"]}]},{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["CNS-2112471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2112471"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Commun."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tcomm.2026.3700473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T19:38:40Z","timestamp":1780688320000},"page":"9713-9728","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reliable LLM-Based Edge-Cloud-Expert Cascades for Telecom Knowledge Systems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1132-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiushuo","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4091-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, King&#x2019;s College London, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3458-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Zecchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Systems Department, EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9418-1700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunlong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1354-2557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanding","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9898-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Simeone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Networked Systems Institute (INSI), Northeastern University, London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-1789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Melodia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Networked Systems Institute (INSI), Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3564333"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi16100365"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2024.3459037"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"9459","article-title":"Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Lewis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3748304"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3757418"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3401159"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Evaluating open-source large language models for technical telecom question answering","author":"Caraus","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2509.21949"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSimE60745.2024.10491447"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOTM.001.2100140"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3466752.3480095"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i09.7123"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3647412"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"FrugalGPT: How to use large language models while reducing cost and improving performance","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2305.05176"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3620666.3651335"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cascadia: A cascade serving system for large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Jiang"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"3101","article-title":"Trust or escalate: LLM judges with provable guarantees for human agreement","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Jung"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Towards a cascaded LLM framework for cost-effective human-AI decision-making","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML) Workshop","author":"Fanconi"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Overconfidence in LLM-as-a-judge: Diagnosis and confidence-driven solution","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2508.06225"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-1852"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"103869","article-title":"Reasoning models better express their confidence","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Yoon"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Calibrating language models via augmented prompt ensembles","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. MachLearn.","author":"Jiang"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.findings-emnlp.841"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-acl.728"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Rational tuning of LLM cascades via probabilistic modeling","volume-title":"arXiv:2501.09345","author":"Zellinger","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/24-AOAS1998"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adaptive learn-then-test: Statistically valid and efficient hyperparameter selection","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Zecchin"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2024.3486238"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EUSIPCO63237.2025.11226701"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"4816","article-title":"Mitigating underfitting in learning to defer with consistent losses","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Stat.","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2025.3576035"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.722"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009072205"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"23650","article-title":"Can LLMs express their uncertainty? An empirical evaluation of confidence elicitation in LLMs","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent. (ICLR)","author":"Xiong"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-2020"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6082"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2282952"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Discriminative estimation of total variation distance: A fidelity auditor for generative data","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.15337"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2018.2846245"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Qwen2-1.5B-Instruct","author":"Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref41","volume-title":"Qwen2-7B-Instruct","author":"Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning","author":"Bishop","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5563-6"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2683468"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC54725.2025.10975994"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Enhancing confidence estimation in Telco LLMs via twin-pass CoT-ensembling","author":"Saenko","year":"2026","journal-title":"arXiv:2604.13271"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.1025"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/mbk\/107"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Communications"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/26\/11320979\/11552404-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/26\/11320979\/11552404.pdf?arnumber=11552404","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T19:39:46Z","timestamp":1781897986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11552404\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":48,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcomm.2026.3700473","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6778","1558-0857"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6778","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0857","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}