{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T10:31:49Z","timestamp":1778063509524,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAREER ECCS-1653100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAREER ECCS-1653100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS- 1809917"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS- 1809917"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SpecEES-1824360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SpecEES-1824360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006919","name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Labs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACC-672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACC-672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research, Naval Research Labs, Singapore-MIT Research Alliance, Intel through the Semiconductor Research Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-IN-2752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-IN-2752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006410","name":"Analog Devices, Texas Instruments, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), TDK USA, and Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tcsi.2021.3087604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T19:46:44Z","timestamp":1623872804000},"page":"3537-3550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Emerging Terahertz Integrated Systems in Silicon"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0330-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4139-3587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6733-529X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jack W.","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4896-2244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Ibrahim Wasiq","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3084-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed I.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2307-5382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mina","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4776-0491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios C.","family":"Dogiamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bradford","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Kaynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1492-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabia Tugce","family":"Yazicigil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anantha P.","family":"Chandrakasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6289-7832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruonan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2410215"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1775034"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"256","article-title":"A $4\\times4$\n distributed multi-layer oscillator network for harmonic injection and THz beamforming with 14 dBm EIRP at 416 GHz in a lensless 65 nm CMOS IC","author":"saeidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"450","article-title":"A 660-to-676 GHz $4\\times2$\n oscillator-radiator array with intrinsic frequency-filtering feedback for harmonic power boost achieving 7.4 dBm EIRP in 40 nm CMOS","author":"guimaraes","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2015.2471847"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2012.2217831"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0173-2"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2018.2884852"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"256","article-title":"A 0.28 THz $4\\times4$\n power-generation and beam-steering array","author":"sengupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2786682"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2104553"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"224","article-title":"A 820 GHz SiGe chipset for terahertz active imaging applications","author":"\u00f6jefors","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2013.2272864"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"310c","article-title":"0.65&#x2013;0.73 THz quintupler with an on-chip antenna in 65-nm CMOS","author":"ahmad","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Symp VLSI Circuits Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2243465"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"350","article-title":"1.4 THz, ?13dBm-EIRP frequency multiplier chain using symmetric- and asymmetric-CV varactors in 65 nm CMOS","author":"ahmad","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2287493"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2627547"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIC.2012.6243783"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"304","article-title":"A packaged 90-to-300 GHz transmitter and 115-to-325 GHz coherent receiver in CMOS for full-band continuous-wave mm-wave hyperspectral imaging","volume":"60","author":"chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref100","first-page":"136","article-title":"A 210 GHz fully integrated differential transceiver with fundamental-frequency VCO in 32 nm SOI CMOS","author":"wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2016.2613850"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC19947.2020.9063091"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.3020291"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2018.2878817"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2014.2385777"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2893231"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D FMCW SAR imaging based on a 240 GHz SiGe transceiver chip with integrated antennas","author":"jaeschke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 8th German Microw Conf (GeMiC)"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"168","article-title":"A 145 GHz FMCW-radar transceiver in 28 nm CMOS","author":"visweswaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2298033"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2874666"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2018.2823202"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2009.2021911"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2159551"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2159556"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112454","article-title":"Emerging transistor technologies capable of terahertz amplification: A way to re-engineer terahertz radar sensors","volume":"19","author":"bo\u017eani?","year":"2019","journal-title":"SENSORS"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRMMW-THz.2015.7327418"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"609","article-title":"Sub 50 nm InP HEMT device with $F_{max}$\n greater than 1 THz","author":"lai","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEDM Tech Dig"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2011.2108994"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2692178"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2015.2407193"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2016.2599533"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2012.2225619"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.3024177"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2017.2755693"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2012.6176997"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"486","article-title":"Terahertz imaging detectors in a 65-nm CMOS SOI technology","author":"\u00f6jefors","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Eur Solid State Circuits Conf"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2165234"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2009.4977378"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2017.1600768ST"},{"key":"ref72","year":"2018","journal-title":"Time and Phase Synchronization Aspects of Telecommunication Networks Amendment 2"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2017.2692041"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2017.2773365"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00340-005-1905-3"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1787942"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/ACPC.2014.AF4B.6"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2012.6404847"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2011.5746214"},{"key":"ref79","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microsemi SA 45s Chip Scale Atomic Clock Datasheet"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2018.2812818"},{"key":"ref62","author":"townes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microwave Spectroscopy"},{"key":"ref61","author":"peiponen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.754722"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRMMW-THz.2016.7758450"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anchem-071213-020043"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.001533"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2015.2513278"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2650915"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2159648"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"1","article-title":"200&#x2013;280 GHz CMOS RF front-end of transmitter for rotational spectroscopy","author":"sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Tech Papers Symp VLSI Technol"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.21.587"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"454","article-title":"THzID: A 1.6 mm2 package-less cryptographic identification tag with backscattering and beam-steering at 260 GHz","author":"ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-019-0355-6"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2006.2"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2660491"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.3015717"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2019.2945139"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.2986196"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSSC.2019.2895571"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2944855"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSSC.2020.3021836"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2019.2899487"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2907163"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RWS.2018.8304970"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2677908"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2633547"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"1265","article-title":"Wideband characterization of multiple bondwires for millimeter-wave applications","author":"kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Asia&#x2013;Pacific Microw Conf (APMC)"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2462096.2462129"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000273"},{"key":"ref99","year":"2019","journal-title":"Federal Communication Commission (FCC) Takes Steps to Open Spectrum Horizons for New Services and Technologies"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2921522"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2000224"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2013.6697692"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIPRM.2013.6562647"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2004.1332785"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSCC.2008.4523262"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"476","article-title":"324 GHz CMOS frequency generator using linear superposition technique","author":"huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"316","article-title":"Intel 22 nm FinFET (22FFL) process technology for RF and mm wave applications and circuit design optimization for FinFET technology","author":"lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEDM Tech Dig"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2017.2755439"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"51","article-title":"SiGe HBT with $f_{x}\/f_{max}$\n of 505 GHz\/720 GHz","author":"heinemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEDM Tech Dig"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.3021335"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2014.2319250"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2019.2891379"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"269","article-title":"The chip-scale atomic clock&#x2014;Prototype evaluation","author":"lutwak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 39th Annu Precise Time Time Interval Syst Appl Meeting (PTTI)"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSSC.2019.2922888"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2019.2918436"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2019.1800909","article-title":"Opening terahertz for everyday applications","volume":"57","author":"kenneth","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun Mag"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0102-4"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2013.2269856"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2159539"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"17.5.1","article-title":"Organic package substrates using lithographic via technology for RF to THz applications","author":"aleksov","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEDM Tech Dig"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2019.2941004"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.2997367"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"483","article-title":"An 18 Gbps polymer microwave fiber (PMF) communication link in 40 nm CMOS","author":"van thienen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Eur Solid-State Circuits Conf"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2018.2880920"},{"key":"ref86","author":"k\u00fcrner","year":"2012","journal-title":"What&#x2019;s Next? Wireless Communication Beyond 60 GHz (Tutorial IG THz)"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"196","article-title":"A 105 Gb\/s dielectric-waveguide link in 130 nm BiCMOS using channelized 220-to-335 GHz signal and integrated waveguide coupler","author":"holloway","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Int Solid-State Circuits Conf (ISSCC) Dig Tech Papers"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2011.2168870"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/8919\/9511181\/9457039-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8919\/9511181\/09457039.pdf?arnumber=9457039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T19:57:36Z","timestamp":1649188656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9457039\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcsi.2021.3087604","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-8328","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}